Post-fire weeds triage manual
Black Saturday Victoria 2009 – Natural Values fire recovery program
Heidi Zimmer, David Cheal, Erika Cross

Post-fire Weeds Triage Manual
Heidi Zimmer
Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research
Department of Sustainability and Environment
PO Box 137, Heidelberg, Vic. 3084, Australia
David Cheal
Corresponding author: David.Cheal@dse.vic.gov.au
Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research
Department of Sustainability and Environment
PO Box 137, Heidelberg, Vic. 3084, Australia
Erika Cross
Department of Sustainability and Environment
Ovens St., Wangaratta, Vic. 3677, Australia
This project is No. 23 of the program ‘Rebuilding Together’ funded by the Victorian and Commonwealth governments Statewide Bushfire Recovery Plan, launched October 2009.
Published by the Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment Melbourne, February 2012 
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Citation: Zimmer, H, Cheal, D., and Cross, E. (2012). Post-fire Weeds Triage Manual: Black Saturday Victoria 2009 – Natural values fire recovery program. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Heidelberg, Victoria.
Front Cover photograph: Allium triquetrum Three-angled Onion, on a roadside immediately east of Warburton 
(David Cheal).

Contents
Acknowledgements	ii
1. Post-fire Weeds Triage Manual Overview	1
1.1	Introduction and aims	1
1.2	Context and audience	1
1.3	How to use this manual	1
2. Post-fire Weeds Triage Decision Key	2
3. Weed groups (Table 1)	6
Appendix 1. Notes to the Post-Fire Weeds Triage decision key	16
Appendix 2. Post-fire Weed Management General Information	19
Appendix 3. Table of Environmental Weeds and Fire (Victoria) 	24
References	69
List of tables and figures
Tables
Table 1.	Weed groups – 19 broad weed groups developed for use with this Post-fire Weeds Triage Manual	6
Table 2. 	Summary information for hypothetical weed responses to fire	22
Table 3.	Table of Environmental Weeds and Fire (Victoria) 	24
Figures
Figure 1. 	Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree Wilsons Promontory, entrance road	16
Figure 2. 	B-type hypothetical weed response to fire 	19
Figure 3. 	Ilex aquifolium English Holly, a species which shows a short term decrease post-fire	20
Figure 4. 	A-type hypothetical weed response to fire	20
Figure 5. 	Cytisus scoparius English Broom, a species which increases post-fire 	21
Figure 6. 	C-type hypothetical weed response to fire 	21
Figure 7. 	Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge, a species which undergoes a short-term increase post-fire	21

Acknowledgements
This project is No. 23 of the program ‘Rebuilding Together’ funded by the Victorian and Commonwealth governments Statewide Bushfire Recovery Plan, launched October 2009.
The authors would like to acknowledge everyone who took the time to contribute their local and expert knowledge at the regional meetings held first in Alexandra, and from there Ovens, Ballarat, Bendigo, Foster, Bairnsdale, Horsham and Woori Yallock, or by getting in touch with us directly: Adam Tribe, Adrian Martins, Alan Wallis, Alex Capon, Alison Boak, Amy Groch, Andrew Arnold, Andrew Gillham, Anthony Handley, Arthur Scholz, Bernadette Hoare, Brad Tadday, Brendan Smith, Calum Walker, Cameron Fleet, Carolyn Selway, Charlie Pascoe, Damien Skurrie, Dan Brown, Dan Jamieson, Dave Ryan, David Miralles, David Pasztaleniec, David Van Bockel, Elspeth Coker, Evan McDowell, Gail Penfold, Ged Mahoney, Geoff Carr, Geoff Rudolph, Geoff Sutter, Graeme Dear, Grant Tucker, Ian Vonarx, Ivan Carter, Jack Harrington, Jake Goodes, Janette Curry, Jim Whelan, Jonathan Ricciardello, Karen Lester, Katrina Lovett, Kelly Pardew, Kelly Snell, M. Farrer, Marilyn O’Connor, Mark McKimmie, Matthew Long, Matthew Sobey, Michael Stevens, Mick Morley, Neale Cleeland, Noel Muller, Paul Martin, Penny Gillespie, Penny Richards, Peter Harradine, Raymond Lee, Richard Hill, Rob Dabal, Rob Stewart, Ross Cutlack, Shane Herbertson, Shane O’Brien, Sharyn Williams, Sheri Warford, Stefan Kaiser, Steve Smith, Steven Leppik, Sue McNair, Sue Williams, Susan Taylor, William McCutcheon and Yvonne Ingeme.
If we have overlooked anyone who should have been acknowledged here, we apologise.

1. Post-fire Weeds Triage Manual Overview
1.1	Introduction and aims
The Post-fire Weeds Triage Manual collates information on weed responses to fire and fire operations, both from the published literature and previously unpublished local knowledge. The primary aim of the manual is to assist in prioritisation of weed species for funding/management 
after fire. 
1.2	Context and audience
The Manual is intended for complementary use with the Guidelines and Procedures for Managing Environmental Weeds (www.dse.vic.gov.au), and aims to fit within the framework of the new Biosecurity Strategy for Victoria (ibid.). 
The target audience for the Manual includes committees or individuals managing the distribution of funding for post-fire weed-related projects. This manual will assist prioritisation of projects, based on the target weed species. It has limited applicability for decisions on weed management for asset protection, where the nature of the threatened asset and the nature of the threat that weed(s) impose are site-specific. Funding decisions on weed management for asset protection should be based on the level of threat, considered in association with the value of the threatened asset (refer to Guidelines and Procedures for Managing Environmental Weeds ibid.).
Land managers are also a target audience for this manual. The priorities derived from this manual should assist decision-making in relation to post-fire actions. The manual should further assist in drafting funding applications, as it raises awareness of which species (or types of post-fire responses) are likely to gain funding for targeted control works and which are prima facie less likely to be consistent with current policy directions in management of environmental weeds.
Obligations to control noxious weeds are outlined under 
the Catchment and Land Protection Act (1994) 
(www.dpi.vic.gov.au).
1.3  How to use this manual
A typical user of the Manual should begin with a list of weed species and their site occurrences (each a potential ‘weed project’) under consideration for post-fire funding/management.
•	The decision key for triage (or prioritisation) of weed species funding/management forms the first section of the manual. Assessment using this decision key will result in a score for each weed species at a site (ie. a ‘weed project’) and an associated post-fire funding/ management priority (i.e. low, medium, high or very 
high priority). 
–	The Environmental Weeds and Fire (Victoria) table in Appendix 3, is to be used in association with the decision key. Weed species are placed in broad Weed Groups based on their ecology and fire responses.
•	Background information for each step of the decision key is detailed in Appendix 1.
•	General information on post-fire weed management is included in Appendix 2.

2. Post-fire Weeds Triage Decision Key
The aim of this section is to assist in triage (or prioritisation) of weed projects after fires. At the end of the decision key, each (proposed) weed project will have a score and associated funding/management priority. This prioritised list of weed projects can be used in development of a funding schedule or management plan.
The table Environmental Weeds and Fire (Victoria), see Appendix 3, is required for decision key Step III. This is a list of all the known weed species in Victoria and their assigned Weed Group, based on fire responses and ecology
For further information about each step refer to Appendix 1. 
Step I. Target plant
1.	Are you sure that your plant is a weed, or is reasonably suspected to be a weed (i.e. growing where it’s not wanted, or in a proportion or vigour that’s not wanted)? Are you sure it’s not a locally indigenous species growing within its normal ecological limits?
a.	If you are sure it’s a weed and not a locally indigenous species growing within normal ecological limits, go 
to 2.
b.	If you’re not sure, determine its species or genus, compare that with locally indigenous similar plants and then reassess, from the beginning, in Step I.
2.	Is the identity of the plant/species known?
a.	If ‘yes’, go to Step II
b.	If ‘no’, go to 3.
3.	Can the plant’s identity be promptly determined?
a.	If ‘yes’, get the plant identified and return to 1 (above).
b.	If ‘no’, go to Step III, question 2. 
Step II. New and Emerging
1.	Have adequate surveys or searches been done to determine the distribution of the weed species? Are you confident that you know the distribution of the species in the bioregion, major catchment or minor catchment? Are you confident in assessing the species as new and emerging? 
a.	If ‘yes’, go to 2. 
b.	If ‘no’ score 0 and go to Step III. 
2.	Is the plant / species a new record for Victoria? 
a.	If ‘yes’, score 8 and go to Step III.
b.	If ‘no’ go to 2.
3.	Is the plant / species a new record for the bioregion?
a.	If ‘yes’, score 5 and go to Step III.
b.	If ‘no’, go to 3.

4.	Is the plant / species a new record for the major catchment?
a.	If ‘yes’, score 3 and go to Step III.
b.	If ‘no’, go to 4.
5.	Is the plant a new record for a minor catchment or reserve (parcel of land)?
a.	If ‘yes’, score 2, and go to Step III.
b.	If ‘no’, go to 5.
6. The plant is not new and emerging; score 0 and go to Step III.
Score: …..............
Step III. Assigning a Weed Group
1.	Check the plant’s categorisation in Appendix 3 titled Environmental Weeds and Fire (Victoria) and assign the species to a Weed Group as per that file. Go to Step IV. General information for each Weed Group can be found in Table 1 (at the end of this key).
2.	Using the plant’s growth form characteristics, assign it to a group from among the 19 Weed Groups detailed in Table 1 (at the end of this key). Go to Step IV.
Weed group: …………..

Step IV. Tractablility (how much effort is needed for control)
1.	Is the plant a member of any of the following Weed Groups:
•	‘Small and Control impracticable’ 
•	‘Herbs in Cultivated ground’ 
•	‘Herbs in Disturbed ground’
•	‘Thistle’ (excluding the 2 species marked as ‘persistent’, i.e. Cynara cardunculus Artichoke Thistle and Silybum marianum Variegated Thistle).
a.	If ‘yes’ score negative 5 and go to Step V.
b.	If ‘no’, score 0 and go to Step V.
Score: …..............
Step V. Population (distribution, abundance)
1.	Is the weed population at the statewide/bioregional/ major catchment – scale small enough or contained within a small discrete area, such that there is a reasonable likelihood of eradication given the proposed management actions and available resources, i.e. eradication, not merely reduction of the population(s)?
a.	If ‘yes’, score 5 and go to Step VI.
b.	If ‘no’, go to 2.

2.	Is the weed population at the minor catchment/reserve/ ‘parcel of land’-scale small enough or contained within a small discrete area, such that there is a reasonable likelihood of eradication given the proposed management actions and available resources, i.e. eradication, not merely reduction of the population(s)?
a.	If ‘yes’, score 2 and go to Step VI.
b.	If ‘no’ go to 3.
3.	Is it likely that the proposed weed control measures will truly contain the population (prevent further spread)?
a.	If ‘yes’, score 2 and go to Step VI.
b.	If ‘no’, go to 4.
4.	There is little practicable likelihood of weed control efforts either containing or eradicating the target weed species. It may be wise to overlook this species and situation for prioritised post-fire efforts and redirect attention to other species, or justify management action on the basis of asset protection: score 0 and proceed to Step VI.
Score: …..............
Step VI. Post-fire Risks and Opportunities
1.	Does the immediate post-fire environment offer a uniquely favourable opportunity for weed control, for example by enabling access in habitats that are otherwise difficult to access or by bringing all the plant’s foliage within reach of simple techniques, such as spraying, or by killing many formerly mature individuals and thus exposing the few resprouts or seed regenerants to treatment? 
a.	If ‘yes’, score 3 and go to 2.
b.	If ‘no’, score 0 and go to 2.
2.	Is the immediate post-fire environment particularly favourable for the weed species, thus enabling mass establishment (substantial increase of the initial infestation), to a new level of infestation that is either maintained or further increased as the (burnt) vegetation ages? 
a.	If ‘yes’, add 3 to the score from the immediately preceding consideration and go to Step VII.
b.	If ‘no’, score 0 and go to Step VII.
Total Score for Step VI (i.e. 6 or 3 or 0): …..............

Step VII. Non-target Impacts
1.	Is the weed in an area that includes resident rare or threatened plant or animal species or rare or threatened ecological communities, such that control efforts for the weed will likely adversely affect these rare or threatened assets?
a.	If ‘yes’, reassess the weed control operations, considering the value of the rare and threatened asset(s) and the risk involved to those assets (by the proposed weed works) vs. the value of the weed control works and the likelihood of success. If this balanced consideration still favours the weed works, go to 2. If this balanced consideration does not favour the weed works, then choose a more defensible target for weed works and return to 
Step I.
b.	If ‘no’, go to 2.
2.	Is the weed in an aquatic, paludal (swampy) or riparian environment, i.e. with free, surface water? 
a.	If ‘yes’, go to 3.
b.	If ‘no’, go to Step VIII.
3.	Does the recommended control regime for the weed include chemical treatment? 
a.	If ‘yes’, score negative 4 and go to Step VIII. 
b.	If ‘no’, go to 4.
4.	Does the recommended control regime include substantial soil disturbance (e.g. heavy vehicles or large equipment)? 
a.	If ‘yes’, score negative 2 and go to Step VIII.
b.	If ‘no’, score 0 and go to Step VIII
Total Score for Step VII: …..............

Step VIII. Calculating the score (priority)
Add the following scores:
	New and emerging score (Step II) 	..........
	Tractability score (Step IV)	..........
	Population score (Step V) 	..........
	Post-fire risk/opportunity score (Step VI)	..........
	Non-target impacts (Step VII)	..........
	Total score	..........
Low priority
Total score: < 1		………………………………
Includes:
•	species identified in Step IV as not amenable to standard control techniques,
•	species which are so well-established in the wild as to be impracticable to eradicate or control, and
•	species which are likely to decrease greatly in abundance as the post-fire vegetation matures, and
•	species for which control may be effective, but control works would have unacceptable non-target effects.
Note that weed control efforts for Low Priority species may still be justified by reason of asset protection (i.e. a valuable asset is being threatened by the weed’s persistence or spread and control efforts in or around the identified asset will either remove or substantially reduce those threats).
Medium priority
Total score: 1 to 4.		………………………………
High priority
Total score: 5 to 9.		………………………………
Very high priority 
Total score: 10 or more.	………………………………

If you have scored multiple potential weed projects, you may wish to compare these (with each other or with projects elsewhere), using the table below.
Using the priority score
Example prioritisation table
Weed Project	Score	Priority	

			

			

3. Table 1. Weed groups 
This table outlines 19 broad Weed Groups, developed for use with this Manual. Groups are based on weed ecology and post-fire response. A list of Victoria’s known weed species, along with their Weed Group, can be found in the table Environmental Weeds and Fire (Victoria), in Appendix 3. These broad Weed Groups were formulated because there are over 1500 weed species in Victoria and observational data on the post-fire responses of many of these species are lacking. The Weed Groups assist users of the decision key to prioritise weed projects where specific information is wanting.
Weed group name and example	Weed group general ecological and 
post-fire response information	
Herbs in cultivated ground 

e.g. Eschscholzia californica. Californian Poppy. 
Photo courtesy Steve Platt.	•	Mostly herbs (also some grasses), often short-lived, but frequently and often regularly renewed due to on-going agricultural activities
•	Mainly in current or recently-past grazed or cropped areas, high nutrient soils, with frequent soil disturbance
•	Shade intolerant, unlikely to be competitive or persistent in native vegetation
•	More likely to be introduced to an area post-fire, often in imported fodder
•	Likely to fairly rapidly decrease to local disappearance as the (native) vegetation ages.
•	Post-fire response: short-term increase via seed germination. 
Examples – Alhagi maurorum Camel Thorn, Lepidium draba Hoary Cress, Pastinaca sativa Parsnip	
Herbs in disturbed ground 

e.g. Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge	•	Vigorous, robust herbs (also some grasses); often ‘boom-and-bust’ life histories
•	Mainly on roadsides, oldfields and in other (semi-natural) disturbed situations
•	Somewhat shade and competition tolerant, but rely on continuing disturbance (sometimes frequent fire or flooding) for persistence
•	Site management intervention (i.e. the soil disturbance associated with the construction or maintenance of mineral earth firebreaks) may facilitate persistence
•	Usually, permitting or encouraging maturation of the native vegetation is one of the most effective means of control
•	Post-fire response: short-term increase via seed germination.
Examples – Datura ferox Long-spine Thorn-apple, Lotus corniculatus Bird’s-foot Trefoil, Salpichroa origanifolia Pampas Lily-of-the-valley	

Weed group name and example	Weed group general ecological and 
post-fire response information	
Herbs in native vegetation 

e.g. Bellis perennis English Daisy
(yellow flowers from Taraxacum officinale spp. agg. Dandelion)	•	May be herbs or subshrubs, monocots or dicots
•	Competitive and persistent in open (semi-natural) bush environments
•	Shade and competition tolerant or somewhat tolerant
•	Small populations responsive to standard weed control measures
•	Seed banks accumulate moderately slowly
•	Post-fire response: Commonly increase in the post-fire environment, by seed or vegetative means. Likely to successfully compete with indigenous species, and be persistent in the recovering bush (resprout and seed).
Examples – Echium plantagineum Patersons Curse, Hypochaeris radicata Cat’s Ear, Salvia verbenaca Wild Sage	
Perennial grass 

e.g. Ehrharta calycina Perennial Veldt-grass	•	Perennial grasses
•	Mature plants survive most fires (although may be killed by severe fire)
•	Commonly introduced post-fire in fodder
•	Post-fire response: Resprout or vigorous resprout Post-fire seed germination usually common to abundant; likely to spread dramatically post-fire bush (resprout and seed)
•	High priority (new populations); Low priority 
(pre-fire, established populations).
Examples – Cortaderia selloana Pampas Grass, Lolium perenne Perennial Rye-grass, Phalaris aquatica Toowoomba Canary Grass	
Small; control impracticable 

e.g. Ranunculus muricatus Sharp Buttercup. 
Photo courtesy Steve Sinclair.	•	Mostly diminutive annual herbs (including grasses), sometimes short-lived perennials
•	May occupy little-disturbed native vegetation
•	Low total biomass, even when at moderately high densities
•	Usually weeds of open vegetation (not common in heathland, scrub nor rainforests)
•	Mature plants killed by fire or present in the soil seed bank when the vegetation burns
•	Control efforts usually a low priority as impacts are often perceived as low (even in dense stands) and standard techniques for weed control have little effect
•	Elimination only possible for the smallest stands (less than 1 ha)
•	Post-fire response: Abundant seed germination in the first season post-fire and may be very common until the vegetation develops further and light at ground level is reduced.
Examples – Cerastium glomeratum Common Mouse-ear Chickweed, Poa annua Annual Meadow-grass, Trifolium campestre Hop Clover	

Weed group name and example	Weed group general ecological and 
post-fire response information	
Woody legume seeder 

e.g. Cytisus scoparius English Broom
Photo courtesy Michele Kohout	•	Shrubs from Leguminosae (wattles and peas)
•	Invade and establish in otherwise undisturbed bushland
•	Seed recruitment. at its most abundant post-fire
•	Remnant in situ seed bank after fire-cued germination event
•	Many of Victoria’s most invasive and pervasive environmental woody weeds in this group
•	Post-fire response: Usually fire kills the adult plants (little to no resprouting); long lived, persistent soil seed bank, triggered to germinate by fire.
Examples – Genista monspessulana Cape Broom, Psoralea pinnata Blue Psoralea, Ulex europaeus Gorse	
Robust creeper / climber 

e.g. Asparagas aparagoides Bridal Creeper	•	Creeping, climbing or scrambling habit, such that mature foliage is held well above ground and beyond normal spray techniques
•	Vegetative recruitment common and vegetative resprouting common post-fire
•	Post-fire introduction may occur into new areas via bird dispersed seed in berries; minor positive germination response also possible
•	Immediate post-fire environment may provide a unique opportunity for control (all foliage accessible)
•	Post-fire response: If burnt, may receive a boost post-fire with vigorous resprouting and/or seedling regeneration into fertile, sunny sites. Response strongly dependent on fire severity. 
Examples – Anredera cordifolia Anredera, Ipomaea purpurea Common Morning-glory, Passiflora mollissima Banana Passionfruit	
Suckering woodys 

e.g. Robinia pseudoacacia Black Locust or Mop Top	•	Trees and shrubs
•	Principal means of propagation is suckering from roots (vegetative)
•	Not highly dispersible (cannot ‘jump’ large distances, except when spread by humans); a few species produce seed that is more dispersible than suckers
•	Adventive (i.e. newly established or spreading) near urban and historical areas
•	Dense stands not notably flammable, thus often escape being burnt in prescribed fires. High priority if burnt.
•	Post-fire response: predominantly resprout.
Examples – Ailanthus altissima Tree of Heaven, Populus nigra ‘Italica’ Lombardy Poplar, Salix babylonica Weeping Willow	

Weed group name and example	Weed group general ecological and 
post-fire response information	
Soft-fruit woodys 

e.g. Cotoneaster sp. Cotoneaster
Photo courtesy Michele Kohout	•	Trees and shrubs
•	Produce a berry, or similar succulent fruit, that can be widely dispersed (principally by birds). Likely to be introduced into an area post-fire
•	Not commonly with a long-term soil seed store (although a few spp have a long-term soil seed store, e.g. Chrysanthemoides monilifera Boneseed)
•	Highly dispersible, may occur many kilometres from disturbed situations or the nearest parent
•	Seed recruitment common between fires and often rare immediately post-fire
•	May take a few years to reproduce after being burnt
•	Maybe be evergreen or deciduous
•	Post-fire response: Commonly resprout post-fire, but not for all species. Killed by severe fire.
Examples – Fuchsia magellanica Fuchsia, Prunus cerasifera Cherry-plum, Solanum mauritianum Tobacco-bush	
Seed hard-fruit woodys 

e.g. Hakea sericea Silky Hakea	•	Trees and shrubs
•	Produce seed in a hard, dry fruit (not fleshy)
•	Often limited long-distance dispersal (a few with very fine, wind-dispersed seed or assisted spread 
by very large birds, such as cockatoos)
•	Post-fire response: Generally do not sucker or resprout post-fires, mostly killed by fire and regenerate solely from seed. May prolifically germinate straight after fires (which provide a major regeneration opportunity)
•	Susceptible to control using carefully-planned 
fires in quick succession
•	Often long-lived.
Examples – Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore Maple, Eucalyptus spathulata Swamp Mallet, Pinus radiata Radiata Pine	

Weed group name and example	Weed group general ecological and 
post-fire response information	
Resprout hard-fruit woodys 

e.g. Melaleuca diosmifolia Green Honey-myrtle (foreground) Melaleuca armillaris Giant Honey-myrtle (right rear)	•	Trees and shrubs
•	Produce seed in a hard, dry fruit (not fleshy)
•	Often limited long-distance dispersal (a few with very fine, wind-dispersed seed or assisted spread by very large birds, such as cockatoos)
•	Often long-lived
•	Post-fire response: Often (but not always) limited regeneration from seed post-fire. Sucker or resprout post-fires, sometimes killed by fire (in the most severe fires). 
Examples – Erica lusitanica Spanish Heath, Fraxinus angustifolia Desert Ash, Quercus robur English Oak	
Thistles 

e.g. Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle	•	Herbs usually with spines to discourage browsing (some with stinging hairs – Urtica)
•	Highly dispersible
•	Grow luxuriantly in high nutrient environments and disturbed soil
•	Post-fire response Often abundant in first few seasons post-fire. As vegetation matures and, without ongoing disturbance, greatly decrease to sporadic individuals (2 exceptions may dominate in mature vegetation, marked as ‘persist’)
•	Low priority (high dispersibility means seed return is continuous).
Examples – Carthamus lanatus Saffron Thistle, Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle, Urtica dioica Giant Nettle 	

Weed group name and example	Weed group general ecological and 
post-fire response information	
Geophytes 

e.g. Allium triquetrum Three-angled Onion	•	ften, but not necessarily, irids (includes other monocots and some forbs, such as Oxalis, Tragopogon), has an underground storage organ i.e., bulb, corm, rhizome, or aerial cormlets 
•	Dieback seasonally, usually to a (subterranean) bulb, corm or tuber
•	Likely to be unburnt by fire (as bulbs or corms underground in principal wildfire season)
•	Likely to be introduced post-fire; garden escapee
•	May have prolific vegetative regeneration in unburnt conditions from aerial cormlets
•	Can reproduce from seed; fire may stimulate germination in some species 
•	Difficult to control at any time, and particularly 
so immediately post-fire
•	Post-fire response: Usually resprout vigorously post-fire, invades bare ground. 
Examples – Freesia alba White Freesia, Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob, Watsonia meriana Wild Watsonia	
Fleshy lilies 

e.g. Agapanthus pracecox Agapanthus
Photo courtesy Michele Kohout	•	Fleshy, clumping plants , often monocots
•	Year-round above-ground foliage
•	Vegetative reproduction predominant, although seed reproduction occurs also
•	Likely to be introduced post-fire; garden escapee
•	Post-fire response: Likely to be unaffected (unburnt) by low to medium intensity fire.
Examples – Acanthus mollis Bear’s Breach, Phormium tenax New Zealand Flax, Zantedeschia aethiopica White Arum Lily	
Succulents 

e.g. Opuntia sp. Cactus	•	Fleshy dicot (high tissue water) (leaf and/or stem succulence)
•	Includes cactus and similar shrubs/herbs
•	Post-fire response: Likely to be unaffected/unburnt by low to medium intensity fire
•	When burnt, recovery relatively weak or slow
•	Frequently with vegetative reproduction
•	May reproduce from seed
•	Possible to remove small populations <1 ha. 
Examples – Agave americana Century Plant, Galenia pubescens Galenia, Opuntia robusta Wheel Cactus	

Weed group name and example	Weed group general ecological and 
post-fire response information	
Riparian / Paludal 

e.g. Carex divisa (foreground) Divided Sedge. 
Photo courtesy Steve Sinclair	•	Herbs: either sedge-like monocots or creeping forbs
•	Restricted to wet environments that have high soil moisture throughout the year and little overhead light competition
•	Usually have very effective means of vegetative reproduction
•	Post-fire response: Not usually burnt in applied (cool season) fires, but may be burnt in wildfire conditions, if burnt: regenerate rapidly post-fire
•	Standard chemical weed control difficult to apply due to proximity to open water or streams
•	Low green shoot biomass immediately post-fire offers a unique opportunity for weed control 
•	High priority for control post-fire, otherwise usually low priority.
Examples – Alternanthera philoxeroides Alligator Weed, Cyperus exaltatus Tall Flat-sedge, Spartina anglica Cord-grass	
Bramble 

e.g. Rubus fruticosus spp. agg. Blackberry	•	Rosa, Rubus and species
•	Widespread in Victoria, except the Mallee
•	Scandent, perennial, woody stems (‘canes’) consumed by fires
•	Succulent, widely-(animal) dispersed fruit
•	Post-fire response: Resprout vigorously from underground buds post-fire
•	Rapid growth in the first season post-fire increases susceptibility to chemical control.
Examples – Rosa rubiginosa Sweet Briar, Rubus fruticosus spp. agg. Blackberry, Rubus laciniatus 
Cut-leaf Blackberry	
Mat perennial

e.g. Gazania sp. Gazania	•	Dense mats of foliage at, or close to, ground level
•	Often stoloniferous or rhizomatous (‘layering’ or ‘suckering’)
•	Foliage with high moisture levels, and lack of elevated dry fuel, mean that mats are often unburnt in low severity fires
•	Post-fire response: If rhizomatous, abundant resprouting is likely; if stoloniferous, may be seriously disadvantaged by fire and, in this latter case, the immediate post-fire environment offers 
a unique opportunity for control 
•	Typically lacking highly-dispersible propagules 
(e.g. seed), although stem segments, which are capable of independent establishment, may be readily transported in the open post-fire environment.
Examples – Convolvulus arvensis Common Bindweed, Gazania rigens Gazania, Phyla canescens Fog-fruit	
Aquatic

e.g. Nymphaea alba White Waterlily	•	Unlikely to be affected by fire.
Examples – Elodea canadensis Canadian Pondweed, Myriophyllum aquaticum Parrots Feather, Salvinia molesta Salvinia

Appendix 1. 
Notes to the Post-fire Weeds Triage decision key
Target Plant
The importance of determining if the target species is truly 
a weed is difficult to overstate. A simple definition of weed is ‘a plant which is growing where it is not wanted, or at 
an abundance which is not wanted’ (Groves and Hosking 1997; Smith 2000). Where there is doubt over a species classification as a weed it has been noted in Appendix 3 –
Environmental Weeds and Fire. Not all Victorian weed species are introduced from other parts of Australia, or from outside Australia. There are several examples of Victorian weed species which are indigenous to some areas of the state – but not elsewhere in Victoria. Other species can be weeds within their natural distribution, as they have expanded their ecological range into (formerly unoccupied) nearby communities where they may behave as (undesirable) weeds.
Weed distributions, and the definition of weeds, are considered in column two of Appendix 3 – Environmental Weeds and Fire:
(a)	species which are native to Victoria but are also adventive outside their native range (e.g. Kennedia rubicunda Dusky Coral-pea),
(b)	species which are native to Victoria and adventive inside their native range, by expanding their ecological range (e.g. Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree, Figure 1) and
(c)	species which may be native to all or part only of their Victorian range (e.g. Adiantum capillus-veneris Venus Hair-fern or Common Maidenhair) (we’re not sure of their native range). 

Figure 1. Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree Wilsons Promontory, entrance road

Land managers have legal obligations, under the Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994 (CaLP Act), to control noxious weeds. The recent Noxious Weeds Review assesses the invasiveness of current and potential future noxious weeds. Further information about the CaLP Act, Declared Noxious Weeds and the Noxious Weeds Review can be found at www.dpi.vic.gov.au.
New and Emerging
Consistent with the Bio-security Strategy for Victoria 
(www.land.vic.gov.au), weed species with the highest priority for control (or elimination) are ‘new and emerging’ weeds. By definition, new and emerging weed species are unfamiliar and their (local) ecology poorly known (Waterhouse 2003). The list of new and emerging weed species (state-level), included in this document, is by no means comprehensive. As soon as it’s published, it’s out of date. Land managers and planners may be aware of plant species new to their area, and to the state. Species not formerly known to be weedy in Victoria, are (all too) frequently added to the state’s flora (e.g. during field visits for the current project, the authors made the first records of an adventive Victorian population of Symphoricarpus albus Snowberry). ‘New and emerging’ weed species includes more than the DPI/DSE weeds lists and classification (the species on the DPI/DSE list are relatively well known). ‘New and emerging’ also includes species not yet included on the published lists but which are nevertheless adventive and established in the wild.
Assigning a Weed Group
Information on weed species’ responses to fires was collected at regional meetings held throughout the state, except for the north-west. These meetings yielded more than 250 observations of weed species’ responses to fire. However, there are more than 1500 weed species recorded for Victoria. Post-fire response data and observations on the majority of these species are lacking. This is especially true for the important group ‘new and emerging’ weed species. To overcome this knowledge gap, broad species groupings (Table 1) are proposed. A list of Victoria’s known weed species, along with their Weed Group, can be found in Appendix 3 – Environmental Weeds and Fire (Victoria) supplied with this document. Groups are based on functional traits, such as life cycle (annual or perennial), reproduction (seed or resprout) and flammability (i.e. succulent vegetation and riparian vegetation are typically less likely to burn than are sclerophyll shrubs and more flammable foothills forests). Not surprisingly, some species do not fit comfortably into any of the 19 proposed groups and fire responses of many species vary according to fire severity. The groups should be considered a guide only; observation and data should always be given precedence. 
Tractability
Tractability refers to how much effort is needed for control of the weed. Current methods of weed control are not effective in the large-scale control of certain weed species. However, local eradications of small populations of these species, particularly those introduced and established after fires, may be possible via hand pulling (or other mechanical removal). Other species can be expected to naturally decrease in abundance as the bushland recovers from fire; hence, management action for these may be considered 
a low priority. Weed species aligned with one or both of these categories are highlighted in the functional groups (1) ‘small and control impracticable’ (2) ‘herbs in cultivated ground’, (3) ‘herbs in disturbed ground’ and (4) ‘thistle’. 
The definitions of these groups are included in Table 1. 
Species included in these groups can be found in 
Appendix 3 – Environmental Weeds and Fire.
Population (distribution, abundance)
The scale of field occurrence and management intervention are critical considerations in weed management. Information on the size of the weed population is important in determining the likely outcomes of investing resources in weed management. If the weed is ‘new and emerging’ in a particular management area or unit (such as a designated reserve) then it may be given priority, even (and especially) if it is widespread in other areas. Furthermore, a small population of a weed (amenable to current methods of control) is more likely to be successfully eradicated, reducing the need for future investment, than is a large, widespread infestation. Consistent with the new biosecurity approach, eradication of a weed population is considered a higher priority than containment of that weed.
Post-fire Risks and Opportunities
This section is fundamental to the post-fire weeds triage process. The immediate (< 1–2 years) post-fire environment includes both opportunities for weed management, and risks from increases in weed abundance. Weed responses to fire are discussed in more detail in Appendix 2, Weeds, fire and management approaches.
Off-target impacts
Likely (or even only potential) adverse outcomes of weed management should be considered. These are particularly critical where listed rare or threatened species or vegetation type(s) are in the area affected by weed control works. 
No management action (or inaction) is without downsides. Management is always a balance between the expected positive outcomes and the expected negative outcomes, considered in association with costs. Rare and threatened species or communities may be adversely affected by weed control works (e.g. removal of protective shrubby weeds, including Gorse Ulex europaeus, around Hamilton; these thorny shrubs providing shelter from predators for a threatened animal, viz. Eastern Barred Bandicoot Perameles gunnii, see www.dse.vic.gov.au). Other threats to rare or threatened assets include non-target effects of herbicides on the rare or threatened plants growing near or amongst the target weeds and interference with reproduction in susceptible threatened animals by herbicide breakdown products. These issues are more fully discussed elsewhere, notably in the various Action Statements and Recovery 
Plans published for listed species and communities 
(www.dse.vic.gov.au). 
Further information on listed threatened species and ecological communities can be found at the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 websites (www.environment.gov.au/epbc/ and www.dse.vic.gov.au)
The two principal non-target impacts relate to the use of chemical control, and soil (and other) disturbance.
	Chemical control – Although there are herbicides that are not broad spectrum and may be somewhat selective, there is no truly species-specific herbicide that is available for standard weed control. Hence all herbicides will have non-target effects. If the herbicides remove substantial amounts of (mature) plant cover, the resultant bare ground will provide a very favourable environment for further weed establishment (McNamara 2003; Crosti, Dixon et al. 2007; McLaren, Ramasamy et al. 2007)
	Disturbance – Many weed species respond rapidly and favourably to bare or disturbed ground. All weed control works involve some site disturbance. Occasionally the site disturbance is intrusive enough as to provide very favourable establishment sites for new weed infestations (McIntyre 1990; Gilfedder and Kirkpatrick 1998) or further sites for maintenance and augmentation of existing short life cycle weeds (Anderson 2004).
Additional considerations
Outlined below are some additional questions to refine post-fire weed management actions. 
i.	Was the management area disturbed or severely burnt? If so, weeds in the following groups may be expected to grow vigorously for the first few seasons post-fire. They are also expected to decrease in abundance and vigour as the bushland re-establishes and matures further. Given this likelihood, control efforts may be a waste of time and resources that could be better directed towards more persistent and pernicious weed species and stands. Weed groups that are contra-indicated for active weed control post-fire are:
•	Small and Control impracticable
•	Herbs in Cultivated ground
•	Herbs in Disturbed ground
•	Thistle
ii.	Consider how the weed was introduced to the area as a result of the fire and associated activities. Vehicles used in fire suppression and management are common sources of new weed infestations post-fire. Other common weed sources include fodder brought into the district or property after the fires (McKay 2002), or fodder laid out for wildlife after the fires. Many horticultural species do not appear invasive in the absence of fire, but more or less rapidly spread in the benign conditions immediately post-fire. Other species that were not seen before the fire, may result from a long-term soil seed store, perhaps dating back to the next previous fire. This last group may include many native species that appear ‘not to belong’ due to their unfamiliarity and their luxuriant growth. Consider whether the weed or plant was noticed:
Beside a vehicle track?
On or beside a fire break or management track?
Spread throughout the bushland remote from the track (network)?
In a feed lot (formal or informal)?
Associated with old fodder (straw or seed)?
Associated with ground disturbance, such as caused by heavy-track vehicles (eg, bulldozers)?
	Is the species usually dispersed by wind? Are the seeds light weight and with wings or other structures that enable widespread wind dispersal?
	Is the species usually dispersed by animals, most commonly birds? Does the species produce a 
succulent fruit?

Appendix 2.
Post-fire Weed Management General Information
Weeds, fire and management approaches
1. 	Weed Introduction and Fire and New and Emerging Weeds - Fire presents several pathways for weed introduction and establishment. As new and emerging weeds have been identified as top priority in the new biosecurity policy approach (www.dse.vic.gov.au), efforts should concentrate on prevention of their entry into the post-fire environment. Arboretums, orchards, cemeteries, cut flower farms and domestic gardens (Allendorf and Lundquist 2003; Reid and Murphy 2008) can all be a source of propagules for species that subsequently become weedy (Groves and Hosking 1997; Groves, Boden et al. 2005), but were not known to be (locally) established in the wild before the fire.
	Management activities, including fire operations, that may contribute to weed introduction, establishment and spread include soil disturbance associated with firebreak/ fire containment lines access track construction, and the use of (unsanitised) heavy vehicles, such as bulldozers (Cheal 2002) and management vehicles. In some areas, there are strategies in place to minimise the risk of weed introductions with fire management operations 
e.g. slashing fire breaks, rather than disturbing soil. 
These strategies may ‘minimise’ weed establishment, 
but they rarely eliminate the risk from (new) weeds. Weed surveillance, for new and emerging weeds, 
should therefore be a high priority. 
	The introduction of fodder, for native or domestic animals can provide opportunities for weed seed introduction (DPI 2006, 2009). In addition, new weed infestations may result from the spread of weed seed from nearby areas only burnt at low intensity, or not at all. Vectors from these areas include:
animals and birds, especially when the weed produces palatable fruit, and
water, if these areas are upslope.
	Weeds may also be dispersed by animals farther than is usual in unburnt vegetation, as animals may travel farther than usual to find food, including onto open pasture. These more localised effects are not usually interpreted as ‘new and emerging’ weeds.
	Weed risks and pathways for introduction depend, to some extent, on surrounding land uses (land tenure). 
This is discussed further in the Guidelines and 
Procedures for Managing Environmental Weeds.
2. 	Opportunities from Fires – A high priority also applies to established weed species for which fire creates an opportunity for increased management impact. This includes species which are adversely affected by fire 
(e.g. the mature plants are killed or reduced, Figures 2 and 3) and a rapid management response, before seedling growth to the stage of seed set, is likely to be particularly effective and presents an opportunity for local eradication.
	For some weed species, improved access immediately after fires provides opportunities for control that are not usually available (in the absence of recent fire). This may apply in dense riparian vegetation or in the wet forests of the Ranges, wherein the dense vegetation impedes access to established weeds, or wherever the foliage of established weeds is beyond reach of standard foliar chemical methods. Unless burnt, weeds in such situations usually escape control efforts. However, in the first season or two after fires, the vegetation may be substantially more open and the foliage of resprouting taller weed species is now within range of either physical or chemical means of control.

Figure 2. B-type hypothetical weed response to fire. Examples 1 and 2 show species which undergo short-term decrease 
post-fire. Example 1 shows a species which then recovers to an abundance similar to pre-fire, while example 2 shows a species which continues to increase in abundance post-fire. 
Figure 3. Ilex aquifolium English Holly, a species which shows a short term decrease post-fire. Photo courtesy Michele Kohout.

3. 	Weeds that Respond Positively to Fires – As with many native plant species, there are many weed species that exploit the favourable conditions immediately after fires and germinate prolifically and spread vigorously in the first few seasons (Figure 4). Such weed species may undergo a sustained increase (in both area of occupancy and population density) in the post-fire environment, and may also be a high priority for management. Familiar examples include Genista monspessulana Montpellier Broom and Cytisus scoparius English Broom (Figure 5); (Adams and Simmons 1991, Allan and Sagliocco 2005). These species gradually establish a long-term soil seed bank that is triggered to germination en masse by the fires. In the absence of targeted control efforts in the first few seasons after fires, both these species rapidly spread and reach a new, more intense level of landscape infestation. As a result, timely post-fire management action (usually within 18 months) is necessary for containment.

Figure 4. A-type hypothetical weed response to fire. Examples 1 and 2 illustrate species which increase post-fire. Example 1 illustrates a species which undergoes a very large and sustained increase in abundance post-fire. This occurs most commonly via post-fire seed germination. Example 2 also shows a sustained increase in abundance post-fire, although less dramatic than in Example 1.
Figure 5. Cytisus scoparius English Broom, a species which increases post-fire. 

Photo courtesy Michele Kohout.
4. 	Boom and Bust Weeds – The lowest priority for management actions in the first few seasons after fires applies to ephemeral, pioneer, disturbance-specialist species. These species may become locally abundant in the first few seasons after fires, as they vigorously exploit the reduced competition for light and moisture and luxuriate in increased soil nutrients (Hobbs 1991; Hocking 2001). With the recovery of the native vegetation, many will decrease in abundance to virtual local disappearance (yet a soil stored seedbank may persist) (Figures 6 and 7). No special management intervention is required to reduce such ‘boom and bust’ weed species. They will decrease as the effects of the fire disturbance dissipate. In environments subject to continuing disturbance, the abundance of ‘ephemeral’ species is likely to be maintained (Millberg and Lamont 1995, Thomson and Leishman 2005). Summary information for weeds displaying A, B and C-type post-fire responses is included in Table 2.
Figure 7. Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge, a species which undergoes a short-term increase post-fire.

Established Weeds – Species already widespread in the ‘landscape management unit’, for which there is no reasonable prospect of meaningful containment, are a further low priority group. They may reasonably be considered for control effort in terms of asset protection, but otherwise, if there is no reasonable prospect of containment nor eradication, management intervention may be a waste of time and effort.

Table 2. Summary information for hypothetical weed responses to fire.
Fire response	Description	
A	Increase post-fire by seed or resprout (including suckers).
Competitive/ persistent in recovering native vegetation.
Seeding species typically undergo the greatest increase post-fire. 
Weeds which quickly and vigorously resprout are also in this group. 
High priority (management action should be promptly taken, e.g. removal of seedlings before they mature / set seed).
Weed Groups commonly displaying an A-type fire response include: Woody legume seeders, Herbs in native vegetation, Perennial grasses, Seed hard-fruit woodys and Geophtyes.	
B	Short-term decrease post-fire due to reduction in biomass and/or reduction in densities; mature plants temporarily “weakened”.
Post-fire response strongly dependent on fire severity (i.e. time to weed recovery).
Group includes mainly resprouting and suckering species.
High priority (better results and less input if management action is taken promptly to treat fire-weakened weeds).
Weed Groups commonly displaying a B-type fire response include: Robust creepers, Suckering woodys, Soft-fruit woodys, Seed hard-fruit woodys, Brambles, and Mat perennials.	
C	Short-term increase post-fire, due to removal of competing vegetation, disturbance and/or stimulation of germination. 
Abundance and vigour decrease as the native vegetation recovers. 
Low priority (will naturally decrease with time; high dispersibility means seed return is continuous or long-term seed longevity in the soil means that it will again become visually dominant after the next disturbance event / fire).
Weed Groups commonly displaying a C-type fire response include: Herbs in cultivated ground, Herbs in disturbed ground, ‘Small and control impracticable’ and Thistles.	

Biological and Funding Cycles 
Higher priority is placed on species for which short-term management (< 3 years) is likely to have a measurable impact. However, this does not discount the fundamental need for follow up in all weed management activities i.e. monitoring, treatment and planting of replacement (native) species. It is acknowledged that long-term sources of funding are difficult to find but thoughtful, effective funding and actions undertaken in the post-fire environment will kick start the weed management process, towards (local) eradication, thus reducing management effort (and expenditure) in the long-term. It is also acknowledged that staff undertaking weed management activities may have competing priorities for their time, in particular fire management in certain seasons. One contributor suggested the use of reputable contractors, 
so that weed management schedules could be completed. Post-fire weed management should be considered as part 
of funding for prescribed burning activities.

Caveat: other influences on post-fire weed responses
Caveats on the post-fire weed responses reported in this manual are that, unless explicitly stated otherwise, there is no differentiation between: 
weed responses to high intensity and low intensity fires (e.g. Gleadow and Narayan 2007), and 
responses in different ecosystems e.g. wet gully versus ridge top.
Species with broad niches are likely to be generalists and (similarly) responsive to extra growing space, in whatever situation it occurs. Species more restricted in their habitat preferences (e.g. to moist or dry environments) are largely restricted to these environments, and their fire responses were observed in situ.
The rate of recovery of the native vegetation in which weeds are immersed will also influence post-fire weed abundance and persistence (e.g. Ainsworth and Mahr 2003). These in turn are influenced by fire severity and post-fire weather. Above-average rainfall is likely to promote fast growth and shorten timelines for management intervention, while drought post-fire may result in changed competition dynamics, resulting in greater mortality of both exotic and native species (e.g. McDougall and Morgan 2005), or promoting one functional group over another, such as slow growing hardy species, or plants with root systems established before the fire. Post-fire flooding may also be a pathway for weed spread. 
Finally, grazing and browsing pressure can influence post-fire weed abundance. For example, if the recruits of native species are palatable relative to weeds, then the recovery from fire is likely to occur more slowly, such that the environment may be classified as ‘disturbed’. In terms of vegetation recovery, this could result in the maintenance of post-fire ephemeral weed species (e.g. thistles) providing unfavourable conditions for the re-establishment of native plant species. Grazing pressure can also influence species composition; some species may be unable to recruit successfully without grazing exclusion. Moreover, fire may affect the distribution of herbivores, e.g. horses and deer: other projects are addressing this issue. 

Appendix 3
Table of Environmental Weeds and Fire (Victoria) 
This table, Environmental weeds and fire (Victoria), is intended for use with the Manual. Classifications: Reconsider (1) control difficult without hand/mechanical removal, (2) possibly native (some authors have considered as indigenous); Native and Introduced (5) native to Victoria and adventive outside native range, (6) native to Victoria and adventive inside native range (7) possibly native, possibly not throughout Victorian range. Weed Groups are described in Table 1 of the Manual. 				
Species	English name	Weed Group	Reconsider	Native and Introduced	
Abelia X grandiflora	Glossy Abelia	Resprout hard-fruit woodys			
Abutilon theophrasti	Chingma Lantern	Herbs in disturbed ground			
Acacia baileyana	Cootamundra Wattle	Woody legume seeder			
Acacia cardiophylla	Wyalong Wattle	Woody legume seeder			
Acacia cognata	Narrow-leaf Bower-wattle	Woody legume seeder		5	
Acacia cyclops	Western Coastal Wattle	Woody legume seeder			
Acacia decurrens	Early Black Wattle	Woody legume seeder	2	7	
Acacia dodonaeifolia	Sticky Hop Wattle	Woody legume seeder	2	7	
Acacia elata	Cedar Wattle	Woody legume seeder			
Acacia elongata	Swamp Wattle	Woody legume seeder			
Acacia fimbriata	Fringed Wattle	Woody legume seeder			
Acacia floribunda	White Sallow-wattle	Woody legume seeder		5	
Acacia howittii	Sticky Wattle	Woody legume seeder		5	
Acacia iteaphylla	Flinders Range Wattle	Woody legume seeder			
Acacia karroo	Karroo Thorn	Woody legume seeder			
Acacia longifolia s.l.	Coast/Sallow Wattle	Woody legume seeder		5,6	
Acacia longifolia subsp. longifolia	Sallow Wattle	Woody legume seeder		5,6	
Acacia longifolia subsp. Sophorae or Acacia sophorae	Coast Wattle	Woody legume seeder		5,6	
Acacia obtusifolia	Blunt-leaf Wattle	Woody legume seeder		5	
Acacia paradoxa	Hedge Wattle	Woody legume seeder		5	
Acacia pendula	Weeping Myall	Resprout hard-fruit woodys		5	
Acacia podalyriifolia	Queensland Silver Wattle	Woody legume seeder			
Acacia pravissima	Ovens Wattle	Woody legume seeder		5	
Acacia prominens	Gosford Wattle	Woody legume seeder			
Acacia retinodes	Wirilda	Woody legume seeder		5	
Acacia retinodes var. retinodes	Wirilda	Woody legume seeder		5	
Acacia rupicola	Rock Wattle	Woody legume seeder		5	
Acacia saligna	Golden Wreath Wattle	Woody legume seeder			
Acacia schinoides	Frosty Wattle	Woody legume seeder			
Acacia spp. (naturalised)	Wattle (naturalised)	Woody legume seeder			
Acanthus mollis	Bear’s Breach	Fleshy lily			
Acer negundo	Box-elder Maple	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Acer palmatum	Japanese Maple	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Acer pseudoplatanus	Sycamore Maple	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Acer spp.	Maple	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Acetosa sagittata	Rambling Dock	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Acetosa spp.	Dock	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Acetosa vesicaria	Bladder Dock	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Acetosella vulgaris	Sheep Sorrel	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Achillea distans subsp. tanacetifolia	Tansyleaf Milfoil	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Achillea millefolium	Yarrow/Milfoil	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Achnatherum caudatum	Broad-kernal Espartillo	Perennial Grass			
Acmena smithii	Lilly Pilly	Herbs in Native Vegetation		5	
Actinotus helianthi	Flannel Flower	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Adiantum capillus-veneris	Venus-hair Fern		2	5,7	
Adonis microcarpa	Pheasant’s Eye	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Aegopodium podagraria	Goutweed	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Aeonium arboreum	Golden Aeonium	Succulent			
Aeonium haworthii	Pinwheel Aeonium	Succulent			
Agapanthus praecox subsp. orientalis	Agapanthus	Fleshy lily			
Agapanthus spp.	Agapanthus	Fleshy lily			
Agave americana	Century Plant	Succulent			
Agave americana var. picta	Variegated Century Plant	Succulent			
Agave spp.	Agave	Succulent			
Ageratina ligustrina	Ageratina	Thistle			
Agonis flexuosa	Willow Myrtle	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Agonis juniperina	Juniper Myrtle	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Agonis parviceps	Agonis	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Agrostis avenacea var. avenacea	Fairy Grass		2		
Agrostis capillaris	Brown-top Bent	Perennial grass	1		
Agrostis capillaris s.l.	Brown-top Bent	Perennial grass	1		
Agrostis capillaris s.s.	Brown-top Bent	Perennial grass	1		
Agrostis castellana	Dryland Brown-top	Perennial grass	1		
Agrostis gigantea	Red-top Bent	Perennial grass	1		
Agrostis stolonifera	Creeping Bent	Perennial grass	1		
Ailanthus altissima	Tree of Heaven	Suckering Woodys			
Aira caryophyllea	Silvery Hair-grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Aira cupaniana	Quicksilver Grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Aira elegantissima	Delicate Hair-grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Aira praecox	Early Hair-grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Aira spp.	Hair Grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Akebia quinata	Five-leaf Akebia	Robust creeper/ climber			
Alhagi maurorum	Camel Thorn	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Alisma lanceolata	Water Plantain	Aquatic	1		
Alliaria petiolata	Garlic Mustard	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Allium ampeloprasum	Great-head Garlic	Geophyte			
Allium oleraceum	Field Garlic	Geophyte			
Allium paniculatum subsp. paniculatum	Leek	Geophyte			
Allium sativum	Garlic	Geophyte			
Allium scorodoprasum	Sand Leek	Geophyte			
Allium spp.	Garlic	Geophyte			
Allium triquetrum	Angled Onion	Geophyte			
Allium vineale	Crow/Wild Garlic	Geophyte			
Allocasuarina torulosa	Forest Oak	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Alocasia brisbanensis	Cunjevoi	Fleshy lily			
Aloe arborescens	Tree Aloe	Succulent			
Aloe maculata	Common Soap Aloe	Succulent			
Aloe spp.	Aloe	Succulent			
Alopecurus aequalis	Orange Fox-tail	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Alopecurus geniculatus	Marsh Fox-tail	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Alopecurus pratensis	Meadow Fox-tail	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Alopecurus spp.	Fox-tail		1		
Alstroemeria aurea	Yellow Alstroemeria	Fleshy lily			
Alstroemeria psittacina	Peruvian Lily	Fleshy lily			
Alternanthera philoxeroides	Alligator Weed	Riparian / Paludal			
Alternanthera pungens	Khaki Weed	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Alyssum linifolium	Flax-leaf Alyssum	Small; Control impracticable	2		
Amaranthus albus	Stiff Tumbleweed	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Amaranthus caudatus	Love-lies-bleeding	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Amaranthus deflexus	Spreading Amaranth	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Amaranthus hybridus	Spleen Amaranth	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Amaranthus muricatus	Rough-fruit Amaranth	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Amaranthus powellii	Powell’s Amaranth	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Amaranthus retroflexus	Red-root Amaranth	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Amaranthus viridis	Green Amaranth	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Amaryllis belladonna	Belladonna Lily	Geophyte			
Amblystegium serpens	Creeping Feather-moss	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Ambrosia artemisiifolia	Common Ragweed	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Ambrosia psilostachya	Perennial Ragweed	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Ambrosia tenuifolia	Lacy Ragweed	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Ammi majus	Bishop’s Weed	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Ammophila arenaria	Marram Grass	Perennial grass			
Amsinckia calycina	Hairy Fiddle-neck	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Amsinckia intermedia	Common Fiddle-neck/Amsinckia	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Amsinckia lycopsoides	Bugloss Fiddle-neck	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Amsinckia menziesii	Fiddle-neck	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Amsinckia spp.	Amsinckia	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Anagallis arvensis	Pimpernel	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Anagallis arvensis var. arvensis	Scarlet Pimpernel	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Anagallis arvensis var. caerulea	Blue Pimpernel	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Anagallis minima	Chaffweed	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Anagallis spp.	Anagallis	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Anchusa arvensis	Bugloss	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Anchusa capensis	Cape Forget-me-not	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Anchusa spp.	Anchusa	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Andropogon virginicus	Whisky Grass	Perennial grass			
Angophora costata subsp. costata	Smooth-barked Apple	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Anredera cordifolia	Anredera	Robust creeper/ climber			
Anthemis arvensis	Field Chamomile	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Anthemis cotula	Stinking Mayweed	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Anthemis spp.	Chamomile	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Anthoxanthum aristatum	Annual Vernal-grass	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Anthoxanthum odoratum	Sweet Vernal-grass	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Anthoxanthum spp.	Vernal Grass	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Aphanes arvensis	Parsley Piert	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Aphanes microcarpa	Small Piert	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Apium graveolens	Celery	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Apium prostratum ssp. prostratum	Sea Celery		2		
Aponogeton distachyos	Cape Pond-lily	Aquatic			
Aptenia cordifolia	Heart-leaf Ice-plant	Succulent			
Aquilegia vulgaris	Columbine	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Araujia sericifera	White Bladder-flower	Robust creeper/ climber			
Arbutus unedo	Irish Strawberry Tree	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Arctium lappa	Burdock	Thistle			
Arctotheca calendula	Cape Weed	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Arctotheca populifolia	Beach Daisy	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Arctotheca prostrata	Creeping Bear’s-ear	Small; Control impracticable			
Arctotheca spp.	Arctotheca	Small; Control impracticable			
Arctotis stoechadifolia	White Arctotis	Mat Perennials			
Arenaria leptoclados	Lesser Thyme-leaved Sand	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Arenaria serpyllifolia subsp. serpyllifolia	Thyme-leaved Sandwort	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Argemone ochroleuca subsp. ochroleuca	Prickly Poppy	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Arisarum vulgare subsp. vulgare	Common Arisarum	Geophyte			
Aristea ecklonii	Blue Stars	Geophyte			
Aristida contorta	Sand Wire-grass		2	5	
Arrhenatherum elatius var. bulbosum	False Oat-grass	Perennial grass	1		
Artemisia arborescens	Silver Wormwood	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Artemisia spp.	Wormwood	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Artemisia verlotiorum	Chinese Wormwood	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Arum italicum	Arum	Geophyte			
Arundo donax	Giant Reed	Riparian / Paludal			
Asclepias curassavica	Red-head Cotton-bush	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Asparagus aethiopicus	Sprengeri Fern	Robust creeper/ climber			
Asparagus asparagoides	Bridal Creeper	Robust creeper/ climber			
Asparagus declinatus	Pale-berry Asparagus-fern	Robust creeper/ climber			
Asparagus officinalis	Asparagus	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Asparagus plumosus	Climbing Asparagus-fern	Robust creeper/ climber			
Asparagus scandens	Myrsiphyllum	Robust creeper/ climber			
Asparagus spp.	Asparagus	Robust creeper/ climber			
Asphodelus fistulosus	Onion Weed	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1, NOX		
Astartea heteranthera	Astartea	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Aster lanceolatus	Michaelmas Daisy	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Aster novi-belgii	Michaelmas Daisy	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Aster spp.	Aster	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Aster subulatus	Aster-weed	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Asterolinon linum-stellatum	Asterolinon	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Atriplex hortensis	Garden Orache	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Atriplex patula	Spear Orache	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Atriplex prostrata	Hastate Orache	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Atriplex pseudocampanulata	Mealy Saltbush		2	5	
Atriplex suberecta	Sprawling Saltbush		2	5	
Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica	Cane Cactus	Succulent			
Austrodanthonia penicillata	Slender Wallaby-grass		2		
Avellinia michelii	Avellinia	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Avena barbata	Bearded Oat	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Avena fatua	Wild Oat	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Avena sativa	Oat	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Avena spp.	Oat		1		
Avena sterilis	Sterile Oat	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana	Sterile Oat	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Avena sterilis subsp. sterilis	Sterile Oat	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Avena strigosa	Bristle Oat	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Axonopus fissifolius	Carpet Grass	Perennial grass	1		
Babiana angustifolia	Baboon Flower	Geophyte			
Baccharis pingraea	Chiquilla	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Baeometra uniflora	Baeometra	Geophyte			
Ballota nigra subsp. foetida	Black Horehound	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Bambusa spp.	Bamboo	Riparian / Paludal			
Barbarea intermedia	Wintercress	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Barbarea verna	Early Wintercress	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Barbula unguiculata	Bird’s-claw Beard-moss	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Bartsia trixago	Bellardia	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Bassia hyssopifolia	Bassia	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Batrachium trichophyllum	Water Fennel	Aquatic	2		
Bellis perennis	English Daisy	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Berberis darwinii	Darwin’s Barberry	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Bergenia X schmidtii	Bergenia	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Berkheya rigida	African Thistle	Thistle			
Beta vulgaris	Beet	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima	Wild Beet	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris	Beet	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Betula aff. pubescens	Birch	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Bidens pilosa	Cobbler’s Pegs	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Bidens tripartita	Trifid Burr-marigold	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Blackstonia perfoliata	Yellow Wort	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Boerhavia dominii	Tah-vine		2		
Borago officinalis	Borage	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Brachychiton populneus subsp. populneus	Kurrajong	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys		5	
Brachypodium distachyon	False Brome	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Brachypodium sylvaticum subsp. sylvaticum	Forest Brome	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Brachythecium albicans	Whitish Feather-moss	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Brassica fruticulosa	Twiggy Turnip	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Brassica nigra	Black Mustard	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Brassica oleracea	Cabbage	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Brassica rapa	White Turnip	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Brassica spp.	Turnip		1		
Brassica tournefortii	Mediterranean Turnip	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Brassica X juncea	Indian Mustard	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Brassica X napus	Rape	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Briza maxima	Large Quaking-grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Briza minor	Lesser Quaking-grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Briza spp.	Quaking Grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Bromus catharticus	Prairie Grass	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Bromus catharticus var. catharticus	Prairie Grass	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Bromus catharticus var. rupestris	Prairie Grass	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Bromus cebadilla	Chilean Brome	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Bromus diandrus	Great Brome	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Bromus hordeaceus	Soft Brome	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Bromus hordeaceus subsp. hordeaceus	Soft Brome	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Bromus lanceolatus	Mediterranean Brome	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Bromus lithobius	Chilean Brome	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Bromus madritensis	Compact Brome	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Bromus racemosus subsp. commutatus	Meadow Brome	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Bromus rubens	Red Brome	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Bromus sterilis	Sterile Brome	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Bromus tectorum	Wall Brome	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Bryophyllum delagoense	Mother of Millions	Succulent			
Buddleja davidii	Butterfly Bush	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Buddleja dysophylla	African Buddleia	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Buglossoides arvensis	Corn Gromwell	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Bupleurum semicompositum	Hare’s Ear	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Cabomba caroliniana	Cabomba	Aquatic			
Cakile edentula	American Sea Rocket	Succulent			
Cakile maritima ssp. maritima	Sea Rocket	Succulent	2		
Cakile spp.	Sea Rocket	Succulent	2		
Calandrinia menziesii	Purple Purslane	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Calendula arvensis	Field Marigold	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Calendula officinalis	Garden Marigold	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Calendula spp.	Marigold	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Calicotome spinosa	Spiny Broom	Woody legume seeder			
Callistachys lanceolata	Greenbush	Woody legume seeder			
Callistemon citrinus	Crimson Bottlebrush	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys	2	5	
Callistemon rigidus	Stiff-leaved Bottlebrush	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Callistemon rugulosus	Scarlet Bottlebrush	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys	2	5	
Callistemon salignus	Willow Bottlebrush	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Callitriche hamulata	Thread Water-starwort	Aquatic	1		
Callitriche marginata	Water Starwort	Aquatic	1		
Callitriche spp. (naturalised)	Water Starwort	Aquatic	2		
Callitriche stagnalis	Common Starwort	Aquatic	1		
Callitris endlicheri	Black Cypress-pine	Seed hard-fruit woodys	2	5	
Callitris oblonga subsp. oblonga	Dwarf Cypress-pine	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Callitris rhomboidea	Oyster Bay Pine	Seed hard-fruit woodys	2	5	
Callitris spp. (naturalised)	Cypress-pine	Seed hard-fruit woodys	2		
Calystegia silvatica	Greater Bindweed	Robust creeper/ climber			
Cannabis sativa	Marijuana/Indian hemp	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Capsella bursa-pastoris	Shepherd’s Purse	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Cardamine flexuosa	Wood Bitter-cress	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Cardamine hirsuta s.l.	Common Bitter-cress	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Cardamine hirsuta s.s.	Common Bitter-cress	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Carduus nutans	Nodding thistle	Thistle	1		
Carduus nutans subsp. nutans	Musk Thistle	Thistle	1		
Carduus pycnocephalus	Slender Thistle	Thistle	1		
Carduus pycnocephalus/tenuiflorus spp. agg.	Slender Thistle species aggregate	Thistle	1		
Carduus spp.	Slender Thistle	Thistle	1		
Carduus tenuiflorus	Winged/Shore Thistle	Thistle	1		
Carex buxbaumii subsp. buxbaumii	Buxbaum’s Sedge	Riparian / Paludal			
Carex disticha	Brown Sedge	Riparian / Paludal			
Carex divisa	Divided Sedge	Riparian / Paludal			
Carex divulsa subsp. divulsa	Grey Sedge	Riparian / Paludal			
Carex flacca	Blue Sedge	Riparian / Paludal			
Carex ovalis	Doughnut Sedge	Riparian / Paludal			
Carex pendula	Giant Sedge	Riparian / Paludal			
Carex punctata	Dotted Sedge	Riparian / Paludal			
Carpobrotus aequilaterus	Angled Pigface	Succulent			
Carpobrotus edulis	Hottentot Fig	Succulent			
Carrichtera annua	Wards Weed	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Carthamus dentatus	Toothed Thistle	Thistle	1		
Carthamus lanatus	Saffron Thistle	Thistle	1		
Carthamus spp.	Thistle	Thistle	1		
Carthamus tinctorius	Safflower	Thistle	1		
Cassinia arcuata	Chinese Scrub	Seed hard-fruit woodys	2	5	
Castilleja attenuata	Owl-clover	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Castilleja exserta subsp. exserta	Purple Owl-clover	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Catapodium marinum	Stiff Sand-grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Catapodium rigidum	Fern Grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Cedronella canariensis	Balm of Gilead	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Cenchrus incertus	Lesser Burr-grass	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Cenchrus longispinus	Spiny Burr-grass	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Centaurea calcitrapa	Star Thistle	Thistle	1		
Centaurea melitensis	Malta Thistle	Thistle	1		
Centaurea nigra	Black Knapweed	Thistle	1		
Centaurea paniculata	Panicled Knapweed	Thistle	1		
Centaurea solstitialis	St. Barnaby’s Thistle	Thistle			
Centaurea spp.	Knapweed	Thistle	1		
Centaurium erythraea	Common Centaury	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Centaurium maritimum	Sea Centaury	Small; Control impracticable	2		
Centaurium pulchellum	Lesser Centaury	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Centaurium spp.	Centaury	Small; Control impracticable	2		
Centaurium tenuiflorum	Slender Centaury	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Centranthus ruber subsp. ruber	Red Valerian	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Cerastium balearicum	Balearic Mouse-ear Chick	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Cerastium comatum	Levantine Mouse-ear Chic	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Cerastium diffusum	Sea Mouse-ear Chickweed	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Cerastium fontanum subsp. vulgare	Common Mouse-ear Chickwe	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Cerastium glomeratum s.l.	Common Mouse-ear Chickwe	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Cerastium glomeratum s.s.	Sticky Mouse-ear Chickwe	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Cerastium pumilum	Curtis’s Mouse-ear Chick	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Cerastium semidecandrum s.l.	Mouse-ear Chickweed	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Cerastium semidecandrum s.s.	Little Mouse-ear Chickwe	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Cerastium spp.	Mouse-ear Chickweed	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Cestrum elegans	Red Cestrum	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Cestrum parqui	Chilean Cestrum	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Cestrum spp.	Poison Berry	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Chamaecytisus palmensis	Tree Lucerne	Woody legume seeder			
Chamaemelum nobile	Common Chamomile	Small; Control impracticable			
Chamaesyce drummondii	Flat Spurge		2	5	
Chamaesyce maculata	Eyebane	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Chasmanthe floribunda	African Cornflag	Geophyte			
Chenopodium album	Fat Hen	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Chenopodium ambrosioides	Mexican Tea	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Chenopodium macrospermum	Red-stem Goosefoot	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Chenopodium multifidum	Scented Goosefoot	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Chenopodium murale	Sowbane	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Chenopodium vulvaria	Stinking Goosefoot	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Chimonobambusa marmorea	Marbled Bamboo	Riparian / Paludal			
Chloris gayana	Rhodes Grass	Perennial grass			
Chloris virgata	Feather Windmill Grass	Perennial grass			
Chlorophytum comosum	Spider Plant	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Chondrilla juncea	Skeleton Weed	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Chorispora tenella	Chorispora	Small; Control impracticable			
Chrozophora tinctoria	Dyer’s Litmus Plant	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Chrysanthemoides monilifera	Boneseed	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifer	Boneseed	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata	Bitou-bush	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Cicendia filiformis	Slender Cicendia	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Cicendia quadrangularis	Square Cicendia	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Cicendia spp.	Cicendia	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Cichorium intybus	Chicory	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Ciclospermum leptophyllum	Slender Celery	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Cirsium arvense	Californian Thistle	Thistle	1, NOX		
Cirsium spp.	Thistle	Thistle	1		
Cirsium vulgare	Spear Thistle	Thistle	1, NOX		
Cistus creticus	Pink Rock-rose	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Cistus inflatus	White Rock-rose	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Cistus monspeliensis	Rock-rose	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Cistus spp.	Rock-rose	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Citrullus colocynthis	Colocynth	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Citrullus lanatus	Camel/Wild Melon	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Claytonia perfoliata	Miner’s Lettuce	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Clematis flammula subsp. flammula	Old Man’s Beard	Robust creeper/ climber			
Clematis vitalba	Traveller’s Joy	Robust creeper/ climber			
Clinopodium vulgare	Wild Basil	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Coleonema pulchellum	Pink Diosma	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Conium maculatum	Hemlock	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Conringia orientalis	Treacle Mustard	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Consolida ajacis	Eastern Larkspur	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Convolvulus arvensis	Common Bindweed	Mat Perennials			
Conyza albida	Fleabane	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Conyza bilbaoana	Smooth Fleabane	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Conyza bonariensis	Flax-leaf Fleabane	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Conyza canadensis s.l.	Canadian Fleabane	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Conyza canadensis var. canadensis s.s.	Canadian Fleabane	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Conyza parva	Small Fleabane	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Conyza primulaefolia	Rough Conyza	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Conyza spp.	Fleabane	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Conyza sumatrensis	Tall Fleabane	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Coprosma repens	Mirror Bush	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Coprosma robusta	Karamu	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Cordyline australis	New Zealand Cabbage Tree	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Cordyline spp.	Palm Lily	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Cordyline stricta	Narrow Leafed Palm Lily	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Coreopsis lanceolata	Common Tickseed	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Cornus capitata	Himalayan Strawberry-tre	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Corrigiola litoralis	Strapwort	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Cortaderia jubata	Pink Pampas-grass	Perennial grass			
Cortaderia selloana	Pampas-grass	Perennial grass			
Cortaderia spp.	Pampas-grass	Perennial grass			
Corymbia citriodora subsp. citriodora	Lemon-scented Gum	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Corymbia maculata	Spotted Gum	Seed hard-fruit woodys		5	
Cotoneaster divaricatus	Cotoneaster	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Cotoneaster franchetii	Grey Cotoneaster	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Cotoneaster glaucophyllus var. serotinus	Large-leaf Cotoneaster	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Cotoneaster horizontalis	Fishbone Cotoneaster	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Cotoneaster pannosus	Velvet Cotoneaster	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Cotoneaster panosa	Cotoneaster	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Cotoneaster simonsii	Himalayan Cotoneaster	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Cotoneaster spp.	Cotoneaster	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Cotula bipinnata	Ferny Cotula	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Cotula coronopifolia	Water Buttons		2		
Cotyledon orbiculata	Pig’s Ear	Succulent			
Crassula alata var. alata	Three-part Crassula	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Crassula ericoides subsp. ericoides	Reptile Crassula	Succulent			
Crassula multicava subsp. multicava	Shade Crassula	Succulent			
Crassula muscosa var. muscosa	Clubmoss Crassula	Succulent	1		
Crassula natans var. minus	Water Crassula	Aquatic			
Crassula rubricaulis	Red Crassula	Succulent			
Crassula tetragona subsp. robusta	Shrubby Crassula	Succulent			
Crataegus monogyna	Hawthorn	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Crataegus monogyna subsp. monogyna	Hawthorn	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Crataegus spp.	Hawthorn	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Crataegus X sinaica	Azzarola	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Crepis capillaris	Smooth Hawksbeard	Thistle			
Crepis foetida subsp. foetida	Stinking Hawksbeard	Thistle			
Crepis setosa	Bristly Hawksbeard	Thistle			
Crepis spp.	Hawksbeard	Thistle			
Crepis vesicaria subsp. taraxacifolia	Bladder Hawksbeard	Thistle			
Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora	Montbretia/Golden 
Copper-tip	Geophyte			
Crotalaria agatiflora subsp. agatiflora	Rattlepod	Woody legume seeder			
Croton setiger	Dove Weed	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Cucumis myriocarpus	Paddy Melon	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Cucumis myriocarpus subsp. leptodermis	Paddy Melon	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Cupressus glabra 	Smooth Arizona Cypress	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Cupressus lusitanica	Mexican Cypress	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Cupressus macrocarpa	Monterey Cypress	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Cupressus sempervirens	Italian Cypress	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Cupressus sempervirens ‘Stricta’	Pencil Pine	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Cupressus spp.	Cypress	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Cuscuta campestris	Field Dodder	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Cuscuta epithymum	Common Dodder	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Cuscuta planiflora	Dodder	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Cuscuta racemosa	Branching Dodder	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Cuscuta spp.	Dodder				
Cuscuta suaveolens	Fringed Dodder	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Cuscuta tasmanica	Golden Dodder	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	2		
Cycloloma atriplicifolium	Winged Pigweed	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Cydonia oblonga	Quince	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Cylindropuntia imbricata var. imbricata	Devil’s Rope	Succulent			
Cylindropuntia tunicata var. tunicata	Chain-link Cactus	Succulent			
Cymbalaria muralis subsp. muralis	Ivy-leaf Toadflax	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Cynara cardunculus	Artichoke Thistle	Thistle (persist)			
Cynodon dactylon	Couch	Perennial grass	2		
Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon	Couch	Perennial grass			
Cynodon transvaalensis	Bermuda Couch	Perennial grass			
Cynosurus cristatus	Crested Dog’s-tail	Perennial grass	1		
Cynosurus echinatus	Rough Dog’s-tail	Perennial grass	1		
Cynosurus spp.	Dog’s Tail	Perennial grass	1		
Cyperus brevifolius	Mullumbimby Couch	Riparian / Paludal			
Cyperus congestus	Dense Flat-sedge	Riparian / Paludal			
Cyperus difformis	Variable Flat-sedge	Riparian / Paludal	2		
Cyperus eragrostis	Drain Flat-sedge	Riparian / Paludal			
Cyperus esculentus	Yellow Nutgrass	Riparian / Paludal			
Cyperus exaltatus	Tall Flat-sedge	Riparian / Paludal			
Cyperus hamulosus	Curry Flat-sedge	Riparian / Paludal			
Cyperus reflexus	Flat-sedge	Riparian / Paludal			
Cyperus rotundus	Nutgrass	Riparian / Paludal			
Cytisus multiflorus	White Spanish Broom	Woody legume seeder			
Cytisus scoparius	English Broom	Woody legume seeder			
Cytisus spp.	Broom	Woody legume seeder			
Dactylis glomerata	Cocksfoot	Perennial grass			
Dactyloctenium radulans	Finger Grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Dahlia spp.	Dahlia	Geophyte			
Danthonia decumbens	Heath Grass	Perennial grass	1		
Datura ferox	Long-spine Thorn-apple	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Datura inoxia	Recurved Thorn-apple	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Datura spp.	Thornapple species	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	2		
Datura stramonium	Common Thorn-apple	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Datura wrightii	Hairy Thorn-apple	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Daucus carota	Carrot	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Delairea odorata	Cape Ivy/Ivy Groundsel	Robust creeper/ climber			
Dianthus armeria	Deptford Pink	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Dianthus barbatus	Sweet William	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Dichanthium sericeum subsp. sericeum	Silky Blue-grass	Perennial grass	2		
Digitalis purpurea	Foxglove	Perennial grass			
Digitaria ischaemum	Smooth Summer-grass	Perennial grass			
Digitaria sanguinalis	Summer Grass	Perennial grass			
Diplotaxis muralis	Wall Rocket	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Diplotaxis tenuifolia	Sand/Wall Rocket	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Dipogon lignosus	Common Dipogon/Dolichos pea	Robust creeper/ climber			
Dipsacus fullonum subsp. fullonum	Wild Teasel	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Disa bracteata	South African Orchid	Geophyte			
Dittrichia graveolens	Stinkwort	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1, NOX		
Dodonaea viscosa	Sticky Hop-bush	Seed hard-fruit woodys	2	5	
Dodonaea viscosa ‘Purpurea’	Purple Hop-bush	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Drosanthemum candens	Rodondo Creeper	Succulent			
Ecballium elaterium	Squirting Cucumber	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Echinochloa colona	Awnless Barnyard-grass	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Echinochloa crus-galli	Barnyard Grass	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Echinochloa esculenta	Japanese Millet	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Echinochloa frumentacea	Siberian Millet	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya	Prickly Barnyard-grass	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Echinochloa spp.	Barnyard Grass		1		
Echium candicans	Pride of Madeira	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Echium plantagineum	Patersons Curse	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Echium spp.	Bugloss				
Echium vulgare	Vipers Bugloss	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Eclipta platyglossa	Yellow Twin-heads	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Egeria densa	Dense Waterweed	Aquatic			
Ehrharta calycina	Perennial Veldt-grass	Perennial grass			
Ehrharta erecta	Panic Veldt-grass	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Ehrharta erecta var. erecta	Panic Veldt-grass	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Ehrharta longiflora	Annual Veldt-grass	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Ehrharta spp.	Veldt-grass				
Ehrharta villosa var. maxima	Pyp Grass	Perennial grass			
Eichhornia crassipes	Water Hyacinth	Aquatic			
Eleocharis minuta	Variable Spike-sedge	Riparian / Paludal			
Eleusine indica	Goose-grass	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Eleusine tristachya	American Crows-foot Gras	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Elodea canadensis	Canadian Pondweed	Aquatic			
Elytrigia pungens	Sea Couch-grass	Perennial grass			
Elytrigia repens	English Couch	Perennial grass			
Emex australis	Spiny Emex	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Epilobium ciliatum	Glandular Willow-herb	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Epilobium hirsutum	Great Willow-herb	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Equisetum spp.	Horsetail	Riparian / Paludal			
Eragrostis cilianensis	Stink Grass	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Eragrostis curvula	African Love-grass	Perennial grass			
Eragrostis leptostachya	Paddock Love-grass	Perennial grass	2		
Eragrostis mexicana	Mexican Love-grass	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Eragrostis mexicana subsp. mexicana	Mexican Love-grass	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Eragrostis minor	Smaller Stink-grass	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Eragrostis pilosa	Soft Love-grass	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Eragrostis tef	Teff	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Eremophila longifolia	Berrigan		2		
Erica arborea	Tree Heath	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Erica baccans	Berry-flower Heath	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Erica lusitanica	Spanish Heath	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Erica quadrangularis	Angled Heath	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Erica spp.	Heath	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Erigeron karvinskianus	Seaside Daisy	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Eriobotrya japonica	Loquat	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Erodium botrys	Big Heron’s-bill	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Erodium brachycarpum	Hairy-pit Heron’s-bill	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Erodium cicutarium	Common Heron’s-bill	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Erodium malacoides	Oval Heron’s-bill	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Erodium moschatum	Musky Heron’s-bill	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Erophila verna	Whitlow Grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Erophila verna subsp. praecox	Lesser Whitlow	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Erophila verna subsp. verna	Whitlow Grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa	Purple-vein Rocket	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Erysimum cheiri	Wallflower	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Eschscholzia californica	Californian Poppy	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Eucalyptus astringens	Brown Mallet	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Eucalyptus botryoides	Southern Mahogany	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys		5	
Eucalyptus cladocalyx	Sugar Gum	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Eucalyptus crenulata	Buxton Gum	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys		5	
Eucalyptus globulus	Southern Blue-gum	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys		5	
Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus	Southern Blue-gum	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys		5	
Eucalyptus gomphocephala	Tuart	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Eucalyptus leucoxylon	Yellow Gum	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys		5	
Eucalyptus leucoxylon subsp. megalocarpa	Large-fruit Yellow-gum	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys		5	
Eucalyptus macarthurii	Camden Woollybutt	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Eucalyptus occidentalis var. occidentalis	Swamp Yate	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Eucalyptus saligna	Sydney Blue-gum	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Eucalyptus spathulata subsp. spathulata	Swamp Mallet	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Eucalyptus spp. (naturalised)	Eucalypt				
Euonymus sp. (Branxholme)	Spindle Tree	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Euphorbia dendroides	Tree Spurge	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Euphorbia exigua	Dwarf Spurge	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Euphorbia helioscopia	Sun Spurge	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Euphorbia lathyrus	Caper Spurge	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Euphorbia paralias	Sea Spurge	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Euphorbia peplus	Petty Spurge	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Euphorbia terracina	Terracina Spurge/False Caper	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Eurychorda complanata	Flat Cord-rush	Riparian / Paludal	2		
Euryops abrotanifolius	Winter Euryops	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Fallopia convolvulus	Black Bindweed	Riparian / Paludal			
Fallopia japonica	Japanese Knotweed	Riparian / Paludal			
Fallopia sachalinensis	Giant Knotweed	Riparian / Paludal			
Ferraria crispa subsp. crispa	Black Flag	Geophyte			
Festuca arundinacea	Tall Fescue	Riparian / Paludal			
Festuca rubra	Red Fescue	Perennial grass			
Ficaria verna	Lesser Celandine	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Ficus carica	Fig	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Ficus macrophylla f. macrophylla	Moreton Bay Fig	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Filago pyramidata	Filago	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Foeniculum vulgare	Fennel	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Frankenia pulverulenta	Mediterranean Sea-heath	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Fraxinus angustifolia	Desert Ash	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. angustifolia	Desert Ash	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa	Syrian Ash	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Fraxinus excelsior	English Ash	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Fraxinus ornus	Flowering Ash	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Fraxinus spp.	Ash	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Freesia alba	White Freesia	Geophyte			
Freesia alba x Freesia leichtlinii	Freesia	Geophyte			
Freesia laxa subsp. laxa	Freesia	Geophyte			
Freesia spp.	Freesia	Geophyte			
Fuchsia magellanica	Fuchsia	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Fuchsia spp.	Fuchsia	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Fumaria bastardii	Bastards Fumitory	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Fumaria capreolata	Ramping Fumitory	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Fumaria densiflora	Dense-flower Fumitory	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Fumaria indica	Indian Fumitory	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Fumaria muralis subsp. muralis	Wall Fumitory	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Fumaria officinalis spp. agg.	Fumitory	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Fumaria parviflora var. parviflora	Small-flower Fumitory	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Fumaria spp.	Fumitory	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Galenia pubescens	Galenia	Succulent			
Galenia pubescens var. pubescens	Galenia	Succulent			
Galenia secunda	Galenia	Succulent			
Galenia spp.	Galenia	Succulent			
Galinsoga parviflora	Gallant Soldier	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Galium aparine	Cleavers	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Galium divaricatum	Slender Bedstraw	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Galium migrans	Bedstraw	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Galium murale	Small Goosegrass	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Galium tricornutum	Rough Corn Bedstraw	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Gamochaeta calviceps	Silky Cudweed	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Gamochaeta pensylvanica	Woolly Cudweed	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Gamochaeta purpurea s.l.	Purple Cudweed	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Gamochaeta purpurea s.s.	Spiked Cudweed	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Gamochaeta spp.	American Cudweed	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Gastridium phleoides	Nit-grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Gaudinia fragilis	Fragile Oat	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Gazania linearis	Gazania	Mat Perennials			
Gazania rigens	Gazania (no common name)	Mat Perennials			
Gazania spp.	Gazania	Mat Perennials			
Geissorhiza aspera	Wine Cups	Geophyte			
Genista linifolia	Flax-leaved Broom	Woody legume seeder			
Genista monspessulana	Cape Broom/Montpellier Broom	Woody legume seeder			
Genista spp.	Broom	Woody legume seeder			
Genista X spachiana	Madeira Broom	Woody legume seeder			
Geranium dissectum	Cut-leaf Cranesbill	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Geranium molle var. molle	Dovesfoot	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Geranium yeoi	Greater Herb-Robert	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Gladiolus communis subsp. byzantinus	Byzantine Gladiolus	Geophyte			
Gladiolus spp.	Gladiolus	Geophyte			
Gladiolus tristis	Evening-flower Gladiolus	Geophyte			
Gladiolus undulatus	Wild Gladiolus	Geophyte			
Glaucium corniculatum	Bristly Horned-poppy	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Glaucium flavum	Yellow Horned-poppy	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Glyceria declinata	Manna Grass	Perennial grass			
Glyceria maxima	Reed Sweet-grass	Perennial grass			
Glyceria notata	Floating Sweet-grass	Perennial grass			
Glycyrrhiza glabra	Liquorice	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Gomphocarpus cancellatus	Broad-leaf Cotton-bush	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Gomphocarpus fruticosus subsp. fruticosus	Swan Plant	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Goodenia pusilliflora	Small-leaf Goodenia		2	5	
Grevillea brevifolia subsp. polychroma	Tullach Ard Grevillea	Seed hard-fruit woodys	2	5	
Grevillea floribunda subsp. floribunda	Rusty Grevillea	Seed hard-fruit woodys	2	5	
Grevillea juniperina	Prickly Spider-flower	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Grevillea juniperina x victoriae	Grevillea ‘Poorinda Cons	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Grevillea robusta	Silky Oak	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Grevillea rosmarinifolia	Rosemary Grevillea	Seed hard-fruit woodys		5	
Grevillea rosmarinifolia subsp. rosmarinifolia	Rosemary Grevillea	Seed hard-fruit woodys		5	
Gymnocoronis spilanthoides	Senegal Tea	Aquatic			
Gypsophila tubulosa	Chalkwort	Small; Control impracticable	2		
Hainardia cylindrica	Common Barb-grass	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Hakea drupacea	Sweet Hakea	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Hakea gibbosa	Downy Hakea	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Hakea laurina	Pincushion Hakea	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Hakea salicifolia subsp. salicifolia	Willow-leaf Hakea	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Hakea sericea s.s.	Needle Hakea	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Hardenbergia violacea	Purple Coral-pea		2	5	
Hedera helix	English Ivy	Robust creeper/ climber			
Hedypnois cretica	Cretan Hedypnois	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Helianthus annuus	Common Sunflower	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Helianthus tuberosus	Jerusalem Artichoke	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Heliotropium europaeum	Common Heliotrope		2		
Heliotropium supinum	Creeping Heliotrope	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Helminthotheca echioides	Ox-tongue	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Hemerocallis fulva	Orange Day Lily	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Hemerocallis spp.	Day Lily	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Herniaria cinerea	Hairy Rupture-wort	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Hibiscus trionum var. trionum	Bladder Ketmia	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Hieracium aurantiacum subsp. carpathicola	Orange Hawkweed	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Hieracium praealtum	King Devil Hawkweed	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Hieracium spp.	Hawkweed	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Hirschfeldia incana	Buchan Weed	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Holcus annuus	Annual Fog	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Holcus lanatus	Yorkshire Fog	Perennial grass	1		
Holcus mollis	Creeping Fog	Perennial grass			
Holcus spp.	Fog Grass				
Homalanthus populifolius	Bleeding Heart	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Homeria ochroleuca	Cape Tulip	Geophyte			
Hordeum distichon	Two-row Barley	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Hordeum glaucum	Northern Barley-grass	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Hordeum hystrix	Mediterranean Barley-gra	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Hordeum leporinum	Barley-grass	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Hordeum marinum	Sea Barley-grass	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Hordeum murinum s.l.	Barley-grass	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Hordeum secalinum	Knotted Barley-grass	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Hordeum spp.	Barley Grass		1		
Hordeum vulgare s.l.	Barley	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Hordeum vulgare s.s.	Barley	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Hyacinthoides hispanica	Spanish Bluebell	Geophyte			
Hyacinthoides non-scripta	English Bluebell	Geophyte			
Hydrocleys nymphoides	Water Poppy	Aquatic			
Hydrocotyle bonariensis	Pennywort		2		
Hyparrhenia hirta	Tambookie Grass	Perennial grass			
Hypecoum pendulum	Persian Poppy	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Hypericum androsaemum	Tutsan	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Hypericum calycinum	Aaron’s Beard	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Hypericum canariense	Canary Island St John’s Wort 	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Hypericum grandifolium	Large-leaf St John’s Wort	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Hypericum humifusum	Trailing St John’s Wort	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Hypericum perforatum	St Johns Wort	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Hypericum perforatum subsp. veronense	St John’s Wort	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Hypericum tetrapterum	St Peters Wort	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Hypericum triquetrifolium	Wavy-leaf St John’s Wort	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Hypochaeris glabra	Smooth Cat’s-ear	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Hypochaeris radicata	Cat’s Ear	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Hypochaeris spp.	Cat’s Ear	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Ilex aquifolium	English Holly	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Impatiens balfouri	Poor Man’s Orchid	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Ipheion uniflorum	Spring Star-flower	Geophyte			
Ipomoea indica	Blue Morning-glory	Robust creeper/ climber			
Ipomoea purpurea	Common Morning-glory	Robust creeper/ climber			
Iris foetidissima	Stinking Iris	Geophyte			
Iris germanica	German Iris	Geophyte			
Iris pseudacorus	Yellow Water Iris	Riparian / Paludal			
Iris spp.	Iris				
Isolepis hystrix	Awned Club-sedge	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Isolepis levynsiana	Tiny Flat-sedge	Small; Control impracticable	2		
Isolepis prolifera	Proliferous Club-sedge	Riparian / Paludal			
Isolepis sepulcralis	African Club-sedge	Riparian / Paludal			
Iva axillaris ssp. robustior	Poverty Weed	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Ixia maculata	Yellow Ixia	Geophyte			
Ixia paniculata	Long-tube Ixia	Geophyte			
Ixia polystachya	Variable Ixia	Geophyte			
Ixia spp.	Ixia	Geophyte			
Juncus acuminatus	Prickly Rush	Riparian / Paludal			
Juncus acutus subsp. acutus	Spiny/Sharp Rush	Riparian / Paludal			
Juncus articulatus	Jointed Rush	Riparian / Paludal			
Juncus bulbosus	Bulbous Rush	Riparian / Paludal	1		
Juncus capillaceus	String Rush	Riparian / Paludal			
Juncus capitatus	Capitate Rush	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Juncus effusus	Soft Rush	Riparian / Paludal			
Juncus ensifolius	Sword Rush	Riparian / Paludal			
Juncus fontanesii subsp. fontanesii	Spring Rush	Riparian / Paludal			
Juncus gerardii subsp. gerardii	Mud Rush	Riparian / Paludal			
Juncus imbricatus	Folded Rush	Riparian / Paludal			
Juncus inflexus	Hard Rush	Riparian / Paludal			
Juncus microcephalus	Tiny-headed Rush	Riparian / Paludal			
Juncus oxycarpus	Spiny-fruit Rush	Riparian / Paludal			
Juncus tenuis	Slender Rush	Riparian / Paludal			
Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa	Prickly Juniper	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Juniperus spp.	Juniper	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Kennedia rubicunda	Dusky Coral-pea	Robust creeper/ climber			
Kickxia commutata subsp. graeca	Toadflax	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Kickxia elatine	Hairy Toadflax	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Kickxia elatine subsp. crinita	Twining Toadflax	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Kickxia elatine subsp. elatine	Woolly Toadflax	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Kickxia spp.	Toadflax	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Kickxia spuria subsp. integrifolia	Round-leaved Toadflax	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Kniphofia spp.	Kniphofia	Fleshy lily			
Kniphofia uvaria	Red-hot Poker	Fleshy lily			
Kunzea ambigua	White Kunzea	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys		5	
Kunzea ericoides	Burgan	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys		6	
Lachenalia spp.	Lachenalia	Geophyte			
Lactuca saligna	Willow-leaf Lettuce	Thistle	1		
Lactuca serriola	Prickly Lettuce	Thistle	1		
Lactuca spp.	Lettuce	Thistle	1		
Lagunaria patersonia subsp. patersonia	Norfolk Island Hibiscus	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Lagurus ovatus	Hare’s-tail Grass	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Lamarckia aurea	Golden-top	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Lamium amplexicaule	Dead Nettle	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Lamium galeobdolon subsp. argentatum	Aluminium Plant	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Lamium purpureum	Red Dead-Nettle	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Lamium spp.	Dead Nettle	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Lampranthus immelmaniae	Lampranthus	Succulent			
Lampranthus spp.	Lampranthus	Succulent			
Lampranthus tegens	Little Noon-flower	Succulent			
Lantana camara var. camara	Lantana	Bramble			
Lapsana communis subsp. communis	Nipplewort	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Lathyrus angulatus	Angular Pea	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Lathyrus latifolius	Perennial Pea	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Lathyrus nissolia	Grass Vetchling	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Lathyrus odoratus	Sweet Pea	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Lathyrus sativus	Chickling Vetch	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Lathyrus spp.	Pea	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Lathyrus tingitanus	Tangier Pea	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Lavandula spp.	Lavender	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Lavandula stoechas subsp. stoechas	Topped Lavender	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Leersia oryzoides	Rice Cut-grass	Perennial grass			
Lemna minor s.s.	European Duckweed	Aquatic	1		
Leontodon taraxacoides subsp. taraxacoides	Hairy Hawkbit	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Lepidium africanum	Common Peppercress	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Lepidium bonariense	Argentine Cress	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Lepidium campestre	Field Peppercress	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Lepidium didymum	Lesser Swine-cress	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Lepidium draba	Hoary Cress	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Lepidium draba	Hoary Cress	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1, NOX		
Lepidium squamatum	Swine-cress	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Lepidium strictum	Matted Peppercress	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Lepidium virginicum	Virginian Peppercress	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Leptochloa fusca subsp. fusca	Brown Beetle-grass	Perennial grass	1		
Leptospermum laevigatum	Coast Tea-tree	Seed hard-fruit woodys		5, 6	
Leptospermum petersonii	Lemon-scented Tea-tree	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Leptospermum turbinatum	Shiny Tea-tree	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys		5	
Leucanthemum maximum	Shasta Daisy	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Leucanthemum vulgare	Ox-eye Daisy	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Leucojum aestivum	Snowflake	Geophyte			
Leycesteria formosa	Himalayan Honeysuckle	Robust creeper/ climber			
Leymus arenarius	Sand Lyme-grass	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Leymus multicaulis	Siberian Wild-rye	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Ligustrum lucidum	Large-leaf Privet	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Ligustrum ovalifolium	Hedge Privet	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Ligustrum sinense	Chinese Privet	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Ligustrum spp.	Privet	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Ligustrum vulgare	European Privet	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Lilaea scilloides	Lilaea	Aquatic			
Lilium formosanum	Taiwan Lily	Geophyte			
Lilium lancifolium	Tiger Lily	Geophyte			
Lilium spp.	Lily	Geophyte			
Limonium companyonis	Riviera Sea-lavender	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Limonium hyblaeum	Sicilian Sea-lavender	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Limonium lobatum	Winged Sea-lavender	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Limonium sinuatum	Notch-leaf Sea-lavender	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Linaria arvensis	Corn Toad-flax	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Linaria pelisseriana	Pelisser’s Toad-flax	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Linaria spp.	Toad Flax	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Linaria vulgaris	Common Toad-flax	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Linum strictum subsp. strictum	Upright Yellow Flax	Small; Control impracticable			
Linum trigynum	French Flax	Small; Control impracticable			
Linum usitatissimum	Flax	Small; Control impracticable			
Lobelia erinus	Bedding Lobelia	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Lobularia maritima	Sweet Alyssum	Small; Control impracticable			
Logfia gallica	French Cudweed	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Lolium loliaceum	Stiff Rye-grass	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Lolium multiflorum	Italian Rye-grass	Perennial grass			
Lolium perenne	Perennial Rye-grass	Perennial grass			
Lolium perenne var. cristatum	Perennial Rye-grass	Perennial grass			
Lolium perenne var. perenne	Perennial Rye-grass	Perennial grass			
Lolium rigidum	Wimmera Rye-grass	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Lolium spp.	Rye Grass				
Lolium temulentum	Darnel	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Lolium temulentum var. arvense	Darnel	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Lolium temulentum var. temulentum	Darnel	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Lonicera japonica	Japanese Honeysuckle	Robust creeper/ climber			
Lonicera spp.	Honeysuckle	Robust creeper/ climber			
Lophopyrum ponticum	Tall Wheat-grass	Perennial grass			
Lotus angustissimus	Slender Bird’s-foot Trefoil	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Lotus corniculatus	Birds-foot Trefoil	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Lotus corniculatus var. corniculatus	Bird’s-foot Trefoil	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Lotus corniculatus var. tenuifolius	Narrow Bird’s-foot Trefoil	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Lotus creticus	Lotus	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Lotus preslii	Bird’s-foot Trefoil	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Lotus spp. (naturalised)	Trefoil		1		
Lotus subbiflorus	Hairy Bird’s-foot Trefoil	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Lotus uliginosus	Greater Birds-foot Trefoill	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Ludwigia palustris	Marsh Ludwigia	Aquatic			
Lunaria annua	Honesty	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Lupinus angustifolius	Narrow-leaf Lupin	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Lupinus arboreus	Tree Lupin	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Lupinus polyphyllus	Russell Lupin	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Lupinus spp.	Lupin				
Lychnis coronaria	Rose Campion	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Lycium afrum	Kaffir Box-thorn	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Lycium barbarum	Chinese Box-thorn	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Lycium ferocissimum	African Boxthorn	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Lysimachia nummularia	Creeping Jenny	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Lythrum junceum	Mediterranean Loosestrif	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Macfadyena unguis-cati	Cat’s Claw Creeper	Herbs in Cultivated Ground / Robust creeper/ climber			
Maclura pomifera	Osage Orange	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Madia sativa	Pitch Weed	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Mahonia aquifolium	Holly Mahonia	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Malus domestica (hybrid)	Domestic Apple	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Malus pumila	Apple	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Malus spp.	Apple	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Malva dendromorpha	Tree Mallow	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Malva linnaei	Cretan Hollyhock	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Malva moschata	Musk Mallow	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Malva neglecta	Dwarf Mallow	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Malva nicaeensis	Mallow of Nice	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Malva parviflora	Small-flower Mallow	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Malva sylvestris var. sylvestris	Tall Mallow	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Malvella leprosa	Ivy-leafed Sida	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Mantisalca salmantica	Mantisalca	Herbs in Cultivated Ground / Thistle			
Marrubium vulgare	Horehound	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Marsilea mutica	Smooth Nardoo	Aquatic			
Matricaria matricarioides	Rounded Chamomile	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Matthiola incana	Stock	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Matthiola longipetala subsp. bicornis	Night-scented Stock	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Medicago arabica	Spotted Medic	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Medicago arborea	Tree Medic	Woody legume seeder			
Medicago intertexta	Calvary Medic	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Medicago laciniata var. laciniata	Cut-leaf Medic	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Medicago lupulina	Black Medic	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Medicago minima	Little Medic	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Medicago orbicularis	Button Medic	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Medicago polymorpha	Burr Medic	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Medicago rugosa	Medic	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Medicago sativa subsp. sativa	Lucerne	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Medicago scutellata	Snail Medic	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Medicago spp.	Medic		1		
Medicago truncatula	Barrel Medic	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Melaleuca armillaris subsp. armillaris	Giant Honey-myrtle	Seed hard-fruit woodys		5	
Melaleuca decussata	Totem-poles	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys		5	
Melaleuca diosmifolia	Green Honey-myrtle	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys ?			
Melaleuca hypericifolia	Hillock Bush	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Melaleuca incana subsp. incana	Grey Honey-myrtle	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Melaleuca nesophila	Showy Honey-myrtle	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys ?			
Melaleuca styphelioides var. styphelioides	Prickly Paperbark	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Melaleuca wilsonii	Violet Honey-myrtle	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys		5	
Melia azedarach	White Cedar	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Melianthus comosus	Tufted Honey-flower	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Melianthus major	Cape Honey-flower	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Melilotus albus	Bokhara Clover	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Melilotus indicus	Sweet Melilot	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Melilotus siculus	Mediterranean Melilot	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Melilotus spp.	Melilot		1		
Melinis repens subsp. repens	Red Natal-grass	Perennial grass			
Melissa officinalis	Lemon Balm	Riparian / Paludal			
Mentha longifolia	Downy Mint	Riparian / Paludal			
Mentha pulegium	Pennyroyal	Riparian / Paludal			
Mentha spicata	Spearmint	Riparian / Paludal			
Mentha X piperita	Peppermint	Riparian / Paludal			
Mentha X piperita var. citrata	Lemon Mint	Riparian / Paludal			
Mentha X rotundifolia	Apple Mint	Riparian / Paludal			
Mercurialis annua	Annual Mercury	Small; Control impracticable			
Mesembryanthemum aitonis	Angled Ice-plant	Succulent			
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum	Common Ice-plant	Succulent			
Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum	Small Ice-plant	Succulent			
Mesembryanthemum spp.	Ice-plant	Succulent			
Mimulus guttatus	Monkey Musk	Small; Control impracticable			
Mimulus moschatus	Musk Monkey-flower	Small; Control impracticable			
Minuartia mediterranea	Fine-leaved Sandwort	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Misopates orontium	Lesser Snapdragon	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Modiola caroliniana	Red-flower Mallow	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Moenchia erecta	Erect Chickweed	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Molineriella minuta	Small Hair-grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Mollugo verticillata	Indian Chickweed	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Moluccella laevis	Molucca Balm	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Monopsis debilis	Monopsis	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Moraea flaccida	One-leaf Cape-tulip	Geophyte			
Moraea fugacissima	Galaxia	Geophyte			
Moraea lewisiae	Golden Iris	Geophyte			
Moraea miniata	Two-leaf Cape-tulip	Geophyte			
Moraea ochroleuca	White Cape-tulip	Geophyte			
Moraea setifolia	Thread Iris	Geophyte			
Moraea spp.	Moraea	Geophyte			
Muscari armeniacum	Grape Hyacinth	Geophyte			
Myagrum perfoliatum	Musk weed	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Myoporum insulare	Common Boobialla	Soft-fruit Woodys	2	5	
Myosotis arvensis	Field Forget-me-not	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Myosotis discolor	Yellow-and-blue Forget-me-not	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Myosotis laxa subsp. caespitosa	Water Forget-me-not	Riparian / Paludal			
Myosotis sylvatica	Wood Forget-me-not	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Myriophyllum aquaticum	Parrots Feather	Aquatic			
Narcissus pseudonarcissus	Daffodil	Geophyte			
Narcissus spp.	Narcissus	Geophyte			
Narcissus tazetta	Tazetta	Geophyte			
Narcissus tazetta subsp. tazetta	Tazetta	Geophyte			
Nassella charruana	Lobed Needle-grass	Perennial grass			
Nassella hyalina	Cane Needle-grass	Perennial grass			
Nassella leucotricha	Texas Needle-grass	Perennial grass			
Nassella neesiana	Chilean Needle-grass	Perennial grass			
Nassella spp.	Needle-grass	Perennial grass			
Nassella tenuissima	Mexican Feather-grass	Perennial grass			
Nassella trichotoma	Serrated Tussock	Perennial grass			
Nasturtium microphyllum	Brown Watercress	Riparian / Paludal			
Nasturtium officinale	Watercress	Riparian / Paludal			
Navarretia squarrosa	Californian Stinkweed	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Neatostema apulum	Hairy Sheepweed	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Nepeta cataria	Catmint	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Nephrolepis cordifolia	Fishbone Fern	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Neslia paniculata	Ball Mustard	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Nicotiana glauca	Tree Tobacco	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Nicotiana tabacum	Tobacco	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Nigella damascena	Love-in-a-mist	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Nonea lutea	Yellow Alkanet	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Nothoscordum borbonicum	Fragrant False-garlic	Geophyte			
Notobasis syriaca	Syrian Thistle	Thistle	1		
Nymphaea alba	White Waterlily	Aquatic			
Nymphaea mexicana	Yellow Waterlily	Aquatic			
Nymphaea spp.	Waterlily	Aquatic			
Nymphoides montana	Entire Marshwort	Aquatic			
Oenanthe pimpinelloides	Water Dropwort	Riparian / Paludal	1		
Oenothera glaziouiana	Reddish Evening-primrose	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Oenothera laciniata subsp. laciniata	Cut-leaf Evening-primros	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Oenothera rosea	Rose Evening-primrose	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Oenothera speciosa	Mexican Evening-primrose	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Oenothera stricta	Common Evening-primrose	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Oenothera stricta subsp. stricta	Common Evening-primrose	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Olea europaea	Olive	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Olea europaea subsp. europa	Olive	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Oncosiphon piluliferum	Globe Chamomile	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Oncosiphon suffruticosum	Calomba Daisy	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Ononis repens	Restharrow	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Ononis spinosa	Spiny Restharrow	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Onopordum acanthium	Scotch Thistle	Thistle			
Onopordum acanthium subsp. acanthium	Scotch/Heraldic Thistle	Thistle			
Onopordum acaulon	Stemless Onopordon	Thistle	1, NOX		
Onopordum illyricum	Illyrian Thistle	Thistle			
Onopordum illyricum subsp. illyricum	Illyrian Thistle	Thistle			
Onopordum tauricum	Taurian thistle	Thistle			
Opuntia aurantiaca	Tiger Pear	Succulent			
Opuntia cardiosperma	Riverina Pear	Succulent			
Opuntia engelmannii	Texas Prickly-pear	Succulent			
Opuntia ficus-indica	Prickly-pear	Succulent			
Opuntia monacantha	Drooping Prickly-pear	Succulent			
Opuntia puberula	Blind Prickly-pear	Succulent			
Opuntia robusta	Wheel Cactus/Pear	Succulent			
Opuntia schickendantzii	Lion’s Tongue	Succulent			
Opuntia spp.	Prickly pear species	Succulent			
Opuntia stricta	Common Prickly-pear	Succulent			
Opuntia stricta var. stricta	Prickly-pear (erect)	Succulent			
Ornithogalum arabicum	Lesser Cape Lily	Geophyte			
Ornithogalum longibracteatum	Pregnant Onion	Geophyte			
Ornithogalum umbellatum	Star of Bethlehem	Geophyte			
Ornithopus compressus	Yellow Serradella	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Ornithopus perpusillus	Bird’s Foot	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Ornithopus pinnatus	Sand Bird’s-foot	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Ornithopus spp.	Bird’s Foot				
Orobanche minor	Lesser Broomrape	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Osteospermum clandestinum	Tripteris	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Osteospermum fruticosum	Dimorphotheca	Mat Perennials	1		
Oxalis articulata	Sourgrass	Geophyte			
Oxalis bowiei	Bowie Wood-sorrel	Geophyte			
Oxalis brasiliensis	Brazilian Wood-sorrel	Geophyte			
Oxalis compressa	Winged Wood-sorrel	Geophyte			
Oxalis corniculata s.s.	Creeping Wood-sorrel	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Oxalis debilis var. corymbosa	Pink Shamrock	Geophyte			
Oxalis glabra	Pink Wood-sorrel	Geophyte			
Oxalis hirta	Hairy Wood-sorrel	Geophyte			
Oxalis incarnata	Pale Wood-sorrel	Geophyte			
Oxalis latifolia	Large-leaf Wood-sorrel	Geophyte			
Oxalis obtusa	Primrose Wood-sorrel	Geophyte			
Oxalis pes-caprae	Soursob	Geophyte			
Oxalis purpurea	Large-flower Wood-sorrel	Geophyte			
Oxalis spp. (naturalised)	Wood-sorrel				
Oxypetalum coeruleum	Tweedia	Robust creeper/ climber			
Panicum bisulcatum	Black-seed Panic	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Panicum capillare	Common Millet	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Panicum capillare var. occidentale	Common Millet	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Panicum capillare var. occidentale	Common Millet	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Panicum coloratum	Coolah Grass	Perennial grass			
Panicum gilvum	Panic	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Panicum hillmanii	Witch Panic	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Panicum miliaceum	Broom Millet	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Panicum obseptum	White-water Panic			5	
Panicum racemosum	Branched Panic	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Papaver aculeatum	Bristle Poppy		2		
Papaver argemone	Pale Poppy	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Papaver dubium	Long-headed Poppy	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Papaver hybridum	Rough Poppy	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Papaver rhoeas	Corn Poppy	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Papaver somniferum	Opium Poppy	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Papaver somniferum ssp. setigerum	Opium Poppy	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Papaver spp.	Poppy		2		
Parapholis incurva	Coast Barb-grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Parapholis spp.	Barb Grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Parapholis strigosa	Slender Barb-grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Paraserianthes lophantha	Cape Wattle	Woody legume seeder			
Paraserianthes lophantha subsp. lophantha	Cape Wattle	Woody legume seeder			
Parentucellia latifolia	Red Bartsia	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Parentucellia spp.	Bartsia	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Parentucellia viscosa	Yellow Bartsia	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Parietaria judaica		Small; Control impracticable	1		
Paronychia brasiliana	Whitlow Wort	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Paronychia franciscana	Chile Nailwort	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Paronychia spp.	Whitlow	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Pascalia glauca	Pascalia	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Paspalidium jubiflorum	Warrego Summer-grass	Perennial grass	2		
Paspalum dilatatum	Paspalum	Perennial grass			
Paspalum distichum	Water Couch	Perennial grass	2		
Paspalum notatum	Bahia Grass	Perennial grass			
Paspalum quadrifarium	Tussock Paspalum	Perennial grass			
Paspalum spp.	Paspalum	Perennial grass	2		
Paspalum urvillei	Vasey Grass	Perennial grass			
Paspalum vaginatum	Salt-water Couch	Perennial grass	2		
Passiflora caerulea	Blue Passion-fruit	Robust creeper/ climber			
Passiflora cinnabarina	Red Passion-flower	Robust creeper/ climber	2		
Passiflora edulis	Black Passion-fruit	Robust creeper/ climber			
Passiflora mollissima	Banana Passionfruit	Robust creeper/ climber			
Passiflora subpeltata	White Passion-fruit	Robust creeper/ climber			
Passiflora tarminiana	Banana Passion-fruit	Robust creeper/ climber			
Pastinaca sativa	Parsnip	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Pavonia hastata	Pink Pavonia	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Peganum harmala	African Rue	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Pelargonium capitatum	Rose-scented Pelargonium	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Pelargonium quercifolium	Oak-leaf Pelargonium	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Pelargonium X asperum	Rose-oil Geranium	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Pelargonium X domesticum	Regal Pelargonium	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Pelargonium X hortorum	Zonal Pelargonium	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Pennisetum alopecuroides	Swamp Foxtail-grass	Perennial grass			
Pennisetum clandestinum	Kikuyu	Perennial grass			
Pennisetum macrourum	African Feather-grass	Perennial grass			
Pennisetum setaceum	Fountain Grass	Perennial grass			
Pennisetum villosum	Feathertop	Perennial grass			
Pentaglottis sempervirens	Alkanet	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Pentaschistis airoides	False Hair-grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Pentaschistis airoides subsp. airoides	False Hair-grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Pentaschistis pallida	Pussy Tail	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Persicaria maculosa	Redshank	Riparian / Paludal			
Persicaria odorata	Vietnamese Mint	Riparian / Paludal			
Persicaria orientalis	Princes Feathers	Riparian / Paludal			
Petasites fragrans	Winter Heliotrope	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Petrorhagia dubia	Velvety Pink	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Petrorhagia nanteuilii	Childling Pink	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Petrorhagia prolifera	Proliferous Pink	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Petrorhagia spp.	Pink	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Petroselinum crispum	Parsley	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Phacelia tanacetifolia	Tansy Phacelia	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Phalaris aquatica	Toowoomba Canary-grass	Perennial grass			
Phalaris arundinacea	Reed Canary-grass	Perennial grass			
Phalaris canariensis	Canary Grass	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Phalaris coerulescens	Blue Canary Grass	Perennial grass			
Phalaris lemmonii	Phalaris	Perennial grass			
Phalaris minor	Lesser Canary-grass	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Phalaris paradoxa	Annual Canary-grass	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Phalaris spp.	Canary Grass				
Phillyrea angustifolia	Narrow-leaf Jasmine-box	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Phillyrea latifolia	Broad-leaf Jasmine-box	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Phillyrea spp.	Jasmine Box	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Phleum pratense	Timothy Grass	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Phoenix canariensis	Canary Island Date Palm	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Phoenix spp.	Date Palm	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Phormium tenax	New Zealand Flax	Fleshy lily			
Photinia glabra	Red-leaf Photinia	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Photinia serratifolia	Chinese Hawthorn	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Phragmites australis	Common Reed	Riparian / Paludal	2		
Phyla canescens	Fog-fruit	Mat Perennials			
Phyllostachys spp.	Bamboo	Riparian / Paludal			
Physalis alkekengi	Alkekengi	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Physalis peruviana	Cape Gooseberry	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Physalis spp.	Ground Cherry	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Physalis viscosa	Prairie/Sticky Ground Cherry	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Phytolacca octandra	Red-ink Weed	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Picea abies	Norway Spruce	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Picea pungens	Blue Spruce	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Picnomon acarna	Soldier Thistle	Thistle	1		
Pilea cadierei	Aluminium Plant	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Pinus canariensis	Canary Island Pine	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Pinus contorta	Shore Pine	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Pinus halepensis	Aleppo Pine	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Pinus nigra var. corsicana	Corsican Pine	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Pinus patula	Patula Pine	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Pinus pinaster	Cluster Pine	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Pinus pinea	Stone Pine	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Pinus radiata	Radiata Pine	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Pinus radiata var. binata	Two-leaved Radiata Pine	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Pinus radiata var. radiata	Radiata Pine	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Pinus sabiniana	Digger Pine	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Pinus spp.	Pine	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Piptatherum miliaceum	Rice Millet	Perennial grass			
Piptochaetium montevidense	Uruguayan Rice-grass	Perennial grass			
Pisum sativum	Garden Pea	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Pittosporum bicolor x undulatum	Hybrid Pittosporum	Soft-fruit Woodys	2	5	
Pittosporum crassifolium	Pittosporum	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Pittosporum eugenioides	Tarata	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Pittosporum tenuifolium	Kohuhu	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Pittosporum undulatum	Sweet Pittosporum	Soft-fruit Woodys		5	
Plagiobothrys canescens	Valley Popcorn Flower	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Plantago arenaria	Sand Plantain	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Plantago australis	Southern Plantain	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Plantago bellardii	Silky Plantain	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Plantago coronopus	Bucks-horn Plantain	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Plantago coronopus subsp. commutata	Buck’s-horn Plantain	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Plantago coronopus subsp. coronopus	Buck’s-horn Plantain	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Plantago lanceolata	Ribwort	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Plantago major	Greater Plantain	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Plantago myosurus subsp. myosurus	Mouse Plantain	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Plectranthus ciliatus	Plectranthus	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Plectranthus ecklonii	Blue Spur Flower	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Plectranthus graveolens	Swedish Ivy	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Plectranthus oertendahlii	Candle Plant	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Poa annua	Annual Meadow-grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Poa bulbosa	Bulbous Meadow-grass	Perennial grass	1		
Poa bulbosa var. bulbosa	Bulbous Meadow-grass	Perennial grass	1		
Poa bulbosa var. vivipara	Bulbous Meadow-grass	Perennial grass	1		
Poa colensoi	Kiwi Snow-grass	Perennial grass			
Poa infirma	Early Meadow-grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Poa pratensis	Kentucky Blue-grass	Perennial grass	1		
Poa trivialis	Rough Meadow-grass	Perennial grass			
Poa trivialis subsp. sylvicola	Rough Meadow-grass	Perennial grass			
Poa trivialis subsp. trivialis	Rough Meadow-grass	Perennial grass			
Poaceae spp. (naturalised)	Grass (naturalised)				
Podalyria sericea	Silky Podalyria	Woody legume seeder			
Polycarpon tetraphyllum	Four-leaved Allseed	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Polygala monspeliaca	Annual Milkwort	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Polygala myrtifolia var. myrtifolia	Myrtle-leaf Milkwort	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Polygala virgata	Polygala	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Polygala vulgaris	Common Milkwort	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Polygonum arenastrum	Wireweed	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Polygonum aviculare s.l.	Prostrate Knotweed	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Polygonum aviculare s.s.	Hogweed	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Polygonum bellardii	Tree Hogweed	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Polypogon maritimus var. subspathaceus	Coast Beard-grass	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Polypogon monspeliensis	Annual Beard-grass	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Polypogon spp.	Beard Grass				
Polypogon viridis	Water Bent	Riparian / Paludal			
Pomaderris elliptica var. ellipti	Smooth Pomaderris	Seed hard-fruit woodys	2	5	
Pontederia cordata	Pickerel Weed	Aquatic			
Populus alba	White Poplar	Suckering Woodys			
Populus nigra ‘Italica’	Lombardy Poplar	Suckering Woodys			
Populus spp.	Poplar	Suckering Woodys			
Populus tremula	Aspen	Suckering Woodys			
Populus X canadensis	Canadian Poplar	Suckering Woodys			
Populus X canescens	Grey Poplar	Suckering Woodys			
Potamogeton acutifolius	Sharp Pondweed	Aquatic			
Potentilla anserina	Silverweed	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Potentilla indica	Indian Strawberry	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Potentilla recta	Sulphur Cinquefoil	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Potentilla reptans	Creeping Cinquefoil	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Proboscidea louisianica	Purple-flower Devil’s-claw	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Proboscidea lutea	Yellow-flower Devil’s-claw	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Proboscidea lutea	Yellow-flower Devil’s-claw	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Prosopis spp.	Mesquite	Woody legume seeder			
Prosopis velutina	Velvet Mesquite	Woody legume seeder			
Prunella laciniata	Cut-leaf Self-heal	Small; Control impracticable			
Prunella spp.	Self-heal	Small; Control impracticable	2		
Prunella vulgaris	Self-heal	Small; Control impracticable	2		
Prunus armeniaca	Apricot	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Prunus cerasifera	Cherry-plum	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Prunus cerasifera ‘Nigra’	Purple-leaf Cherry-plum	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Prunus dulcis	Almond	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Prunus laurocerasus	Cherry Laurel	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Prunus lusitanica	Portugal Laurel	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Prunus persica	Peach	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Prunus spinosa	Blackthorn	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Prunus spp.	Prunus species	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Prunus X domestica	Plum	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Pseudoscleropodium purum	Neat Feather-moss	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Psilocaulon granulicaule	Wiry Noon-flower	Succulent			
Psilurus incurvus	Bristle-tail Grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Psoralea pinnata	Blue Psoralea	Woody legume seeder			
Puccinellia fasciculata	Borrer’s Saltmarsh-grass	Perennial grass			
Pultenaea forsythiana	Prickly Bush-pea	Woody legume seeder	2		
Pycnosorus globosus	Drumsticks		2		
Pyracantha angustifolia	Orange Firethorn	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Pyracantha crenatoserrata	Broad-leaf Firethorn	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Pyracantha crenulata	Nepal Firethorn	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Pyracantha spp.	Firethorn	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Pyrus communis	Pear	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Quercus robur	English Oak	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys ?			
Quercus spp.	Oak	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Quercus suber	Cork Oak	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Ranunculus acris	Giant Buttercup	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Ranunculus flammula subsp. flammula	Lesser Spearwort	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Ranunculus muricatus	Sharp Buttercup	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Ranunculus ophioglossifolius	Snake-tongue Buttercup	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Ranunculus parviflorus	Small-flower Buttercup	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Ranunculus repens	Creeping Buttercup	Riparian / Paludal			
Ranunculus sardous	Pale-hairy Buttercup	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Ranunculus sceleratus subsp. sceleratus	Celery Buttercup	Riparian / Paludal			
Ranunculus trilobus	Large-annual Buttercup	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Raphanus maritimus	Sea Radish	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Raphanus raphanistrum	Wild Radish	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Raphanus sativus	Common Radish	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Raphanus spp.	Radish		1		
Rapistrum rugosum	Giant Mustard	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Reichardia tingitana	False Sow-thistle	Thistle	1		
Reseda alba	White Mignonette	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Reseda lutea	Cut-leaf Mignonette	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Reseda luteola	Wild Mignionette/Weld	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Reseda phyteuma	Mignonette	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Reseda spp.	Mignonette				
Rhagodia spinescens	Hedge Saltbush	Soft-fruit Woodys	2		
Rhamnus alaternus	Italian Buckthorn	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Rhaphiolepis indica	Indian Hawthorn	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys ?			
Rhaponticum repens	Creeping Knapweed/Hardheads	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Ribes uva-crispa	Gooseberry	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Ricinus communis	Castor Oil Plant	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Robinia pseudoacacia	Black Locust	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys 			
Roldana petasitis	Velvet Groundsel	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Romulea flava var. minor	Yellow Onion-grass	Geophyte			
Romulea minutiflora	Small-flower Onion-grass	Geophyte	1		
Romulea rosea	Onion Grass	Geophyte	1		
Romulea rosea var. australis	Onion-grass	Geophyte	1		
Romulea rosea var. reflexa	Onion-grass	Geophyte	1		
Romulea spp.	Onion Grass	Geophyte	1		
Rorippa palustris	Marsh Yellow-cress	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Rosa canina	Dog Rose	Bramble			
Rosa pimpinellifolia	Burnet Rose	Bramble			
Rosa rubiginosa	Sweet Briar	Bramble			
Rosa spp.	Rose	Bramble			
Rostraria cristata	Annual Cat’s-tail	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Rostraria pumila	Tiny Bristle-grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Rostraria spp.	Cat’s Tail	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Rubus anglocandicans	Blackberry	Bramble			
Rubus cissburiensis	Blackberry 	Bramble			
Rubus discolor	Blackberry	Bramble			
Rubus erythrops	Blackberry	Bramble			
Rubus fruticosus agg.	Blackberry	Bramble			
Rubus idaeus	Raspberry	Bramble			
Rubus laciniatus	Cut-leaf Blackberry	Bramble			
Rubus laciniatus subsp. laciniatus	Cut-leaf Blackberry	Bramble			
Rubus laciniatus subsp. selmeri	Blackberry	Bramble			
Rubus leucostachys	Blackberry	Bramble			
Rubus phoenicolasius	Wine Raspberry	Bramble			
Rubus polyanthemus	Blackberry 	Bramble			
Rubus procerus	Blackberry 	Bramble			
Rubus rosaceus	Blackberry 	Bramble			
Rubus rugosus	Blackberry	Bramble			
Rubus ulmifolius	Blackberry	Bramble			
Rubus ulmifolius hybrids	Blackberry	Bramble			
Rubus vestitus	Blackberry	Bramble			
Rumex brownii	Slender Dock		2		
Rumex conglomeratus	Clustered Dock	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Rumex crispus	Curled Dock	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Rumex frutescens	Argentine Dock	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Rumex obtusifolius ssp. obtusifolius	Broad-leaf Dock	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Rumex pulcher ssp. pulcher	Fiddle Dock	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Rumex spp.	Dock				
Ruschia geminiflora	Loose-flower Pigface	Succulent			
Sagina apetala	Common Pearlwort	Small; Control impracticable	2		
Sagina maritima	Sea Pearlwort	Small; Control impracticable	2		
Sagina procumbens	Spreading Pearlwort	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Sagittaria graminea	Sagittaria	Aquatic			
Sagittaria platyphylla	Sagittaria	Aquatic			
Sagittaria spp.	Sagittaria	Aquatic			
Salix alba	White Willow	Suckering Woodys			
Salix alba var vitellina	Golden-upright Willow	Suckering Woodys			
Salix alba var. alba	White Willow	Suckering Woodys			
Salix babylonica	Weeping Willow	Suckering Woodys			
Salix babylonica s.s.	Weeping Willow	Suckering Woodys			
Salix cinerea	Grey Sallow	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Salix cinerea subsp. oleifolia	Rusty Sallow	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Salix fragilis	Basket Willow	Suckering Woodys			
Salix fragilis var. fragilis	Crack Willow	Suckering Woodys			
Salix fragilis var. furcata	Forked-catkin Crack Will	Suckering Woodys			
Salix matsudana ‘Tortuosa’	Tortured Willow	Suckering Woodys			
Salix nigra	Black Willow	Suckering Woodys			
Salix purpurea	Purple Osier	Suckering Woodys			
Salix spp.	Willow				
Salix X pendulina	Weeping Willow	Suckering Woodys			
Salix X reichardtii	Pussy Willow	Suckering Woodys			
Salix X rubens	Basket Willow	Suckering Woodys			
Salix X sepulcralis var. chrysocoma	Golden-weeping Willow	Suckering Woodys			
Salpichroa origanifolia	Pampas Lily-of-the-Valley	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Salsola kali s.s.	Roly-poly		2	5	
Salvia aurea	Golden Salvia	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Salvia reflexa	Mintweed	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Salvia verbenaca	Wild Sage	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Salvia verbenaca var. verbenaca	Wild Sage	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Salvia verbenaca var. vernalis	Wild Sage	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Salvinia molesta	Salvinia	Aquatic			
Sambucus nigra	Common Elderberry	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Sanguisorba minor	Salad Burnet	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Sanguisorba minor subsp. magnolii	Salad Burnet	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Sanguisorba minor subsp. muricata	Salad Burnet	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Saponaria officinalis	Common Soapwort	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Scabiosa atropurpurea	Pincushion	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Schinus molle	Pepper Tree	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Schismus barbatus	Arabian Grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Schismus barbatus	Arabian Grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Schismus spp.	Arabian Grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Schismus spp.	Arabian Grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Schkuhria pinnata var. abrotanoides	Dwarf Marigold	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Schoenoplectus erectus	Soft Club-sedge	Riparian / Paludal			
Schoenoplectus lineolatus	Linear Club-sedge	Riparian / Paludal			
Schoenus apogon	Common Bog-sedge		2		
Scilla peruviana	Cuban Lily	Geophyte			
Scirpus pendulus	Hanging Club-sedge	Riparian / Paludal			
Scleranthus annuus	Annual Knawel	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Sclerochloa dura	Hard Meadow-grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Sclerolaena muricata	Five-spined Bassia	Seed hard-fruit woodys	2		
Scolymus hispanicus	Golden Thistle	Thistle	1, NOX		
Scorzonera laciniata	Scorzonera	Geophyte			
Scorzonera laciniata var. calcitrapifolia	Scorzonera	Geophyte			
Scorzonera laciniata var. laciniata	Scorzonera	Geophyte			
Scorzonera spp.	Scorzonera	Geophyte			
Secale cereale subsp. cereale	Rye	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Sedum acre	Wall-pepper	Succulent			
Sedum caespitosum	Tiny Stonecrop	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Sedum praealtum subsp. praealtum	Shrubby Stonecrop	Succulent			
Sedum rupestre	Stonecrop	Succulent			
Sedum spp.	Stonecrop				
Selaginella kraussiana	Garden Selaginella	Small; Control impracticable			
Senecio angulatus	Climbing Groundsel	Robust creeper/ climber			
Senecio elegans	Purple Groundsel	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Senecio hypoleucus	Pale Fireweed		2		
Senecio jacobaea	Ragwort	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Senecio madagascariensis	Fireweed	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Senecio pterophorus	African Daisy	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Senecio vulgaris	Common Groundsel	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Senna multiglandulosa	Downy Senna	Woody legume seeder			
Setaria italica	Italian Millet	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Setaria parviflora	Slender Pigeon-grass	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Setaria pumila subsp. pumila	Pale Pigeon-grass	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Setaria spp. (naturalised)	Pigeon-grass		1		
Setaria verticillata	Whorled Pigeon-grass	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Setaria viridis	Green Pigeon-grass	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Sherardia arvensis	Field Madder	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Sida rhombifolia	Paddy’s Lucerne	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Silene apetala	Sand Catchfly	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Silene apetala var. apetala	Mallee Catchfly	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Silene conica	Striated Catchfly	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Silene dichotoma	Forked Catchfly	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Silene dioica	Red Campion	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Silene gallica	French Catchfly	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Silene gallica var. gallica	French Catchfly	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Silene gallica var. quinquevulnera	Spotted Catchfly	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Silene latifolia	White Campion	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Silene longicaulis	Portuguese Catchfly	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Silene nocturna	Mediterranean Catchfly	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Silene spp.	Catchfly		1		
Silene vulgaris	Bladder Campion	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Silene vulgaris subsp. vulgaris	Bladder Campion	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Silybum marianum	Variegated Thistle	Thistle (persist)			
Sinapis alba var. alba	White Mustard	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Sinapis arvensis	Charlock	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Sisymbrium erysimoides	Smooth Mustard	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Sisymbrium irio	London Rocket	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Sisymbrium officinale	Hedge Mustard	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Sisymbrium orientale	Indian Hedge-mustard	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Sisymbrium spp.	Mustard	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Sisyrinchium iridifolium	Blue Pigroot	Geophyte			
Sisyrinchium sp. A	Scour-weed	Geophyte			
Sisyrinchium spp.	Sisyrinchium	Geophyte			
Solanum americanum	Glossy Nightshade	Soft-fruit Woodys	2		
Solanum betaceum	Tamarillo	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Solanum chenopodioides	Whitetip Nightshade	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Solanum cinereum	Narrawa Burr	Soft-fruit Woodys	2		
Solanum douglasii	Douglas’ Nightshade	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Solanum elaeagnifolium	Silverleaf Nightshade	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Solanum furcatum	Broad Nightshade	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Solanum hispidum	Giant Devil’s Fig	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Solanum laxum	Jasmine Nightshade	Robust creeper/ climber			
Solanum linnaeanum	Apple of Sodom	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Solanum lycopersicum	Tomato	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Solanum marginatum	White-edge Nightshade	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Solanum mauritianum	Tobacco-bush	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Solanum nigrum	Black Nightshade	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Solanum nigrum sensu Willis (1972)	Black Nightshade	Soft-fruit Woodys	2		
Solanum physalifolium var. nitidibaccatum	Cherry Nightshade	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Solanum pseudocapsicum	Madeira Winter-cherry	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Solanum rostratum	Buffalo Burr	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Solanum triflorum	Cut-leaf Nightshade	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Solanum tuberosum	Potato	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Soleirolia soleirolii	Baby’s Tears	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Solidago canadensis var. scabra	Canadian Goldenrod	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Solidago spp.	Golden-rod	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Soliva anthemifolia	Dwarf Jo-jo	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Soliva sessilis	Jo Jo	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Soliva spp.	Jo Jo	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Soliva stolonifera	Carpet Burrweed	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Sollya heterophylla	Bluebell Creeper	Robust creeper/ climber			
Sonchus asper	Rough Sow-thistle	Thistle	1		
Sonchus asper s.l.	Rough Sow-thistle	Thistle	1		
Sonchus asper s.s.	Rough Sow-thistle	Thistle	1		
Sonchus asper subsp. asper	Rough Sow-thistle	Thistle	1		
Sonchus asper subsp. glaucescens	Blue Sow-thistle	Thistle	1		
Sonchus oleraceus	Milk Thistle	Thistle	1		
Sonchus tenerrimus	Clammy Sow-thistle	Thistle	1		
Sorbus aucuparia	Rowan	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Sorghum halepense	Johnson Grass	Perennial grass			
Sparaxis bulbifera	Harlequin Flower	Geophyte			
Sparaxis spp.	Harlequin Flower	Geophyte			
Sparaxis tricolor	Tricolor Harlequin-flower	Geophyte			
Sparganium erectum	Branching Bur-reed	Riparian / Paludal			
Spartina anglica	Cord-grass	Riparian / Paludal			
Spartina spp.	Cord-grass	Riparian / Paludal			
Spartina X townsendii	Townsend’s Cord-grass	Riparian / Paludal			
Spartium junceum	Spanish Broom	Woody legume seeder			
Spergula arvensis	Corn Spurrey	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Spergula pentandra	Five-stamen Corn-spurrey	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Spergula spp.	Corn-spurrey	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Spergularia bocconii	Bocconi’s Sand-spurrey	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Spergularia diandra	Lesser Sand-spurrey	Small; Control impracticable	2		
Spergularia media s.s.	Greater Sea-spurrey	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Spergularia rubra s.l.	Red Sand-spurrey	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Spergularia rubra s.s.	Red Sand-spurrey	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Spergularia villosa	Hairy Sand-spurrey	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Sphaerocarpos texanus	Texas Balloonwort	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Spiloxene capensis	Spiloxene	Geophyte			
Spiraea cantoniensis	May	Seed hard-fruit woodys			
Sporobolis indicus var. africanus	Rat-tail Grass	Perennial grass	1		
Sporobolus africanus	Rat-tail Grass	Perennial grass	1		
Stachys arvensis	Stagger Weed	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Stachys sylvatica	Hedge Woundwort	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Stellaria media	Chickweed	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Stellaria pallida	Lesser Chickweed	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Stenotaphrum secundatum	Buffalo Grass	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Suaeda baccifera	Berry Seablite	Succulent			
Suaeda linifolia	Stalked Seablite	Succulent			
Suaeda maritima subsp. maritima	Annual Seablite	Succulent			
Sutherlandia frutescens	Bladder Senna	Woody legume seeder			
Symphoricarpos albus	Snowberry	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Symphytum officinale	Common Comfrey	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Symphytum X uplandicum	Russian Comfrey	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Tagetes minuta	Stinking Roger	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Tagetes spp.	Marigold	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Tamarix ramosissima	Tamarisk	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Tamarix spp.	Tamarisk	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Tanacetum parthenium	Feverfew	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Taraxacum bracteatum	Dandelion	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Taraxacum officinale spp. agg.	Garden Dandelion	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Taraxacum officinale spp. agg.	Garden Dandelion	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Taraxacum Sect. Celtica	Garden Dandelion	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Taraxacum Sect. Erythrosperma	Garden Dandelion	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Taraxacum Sect. Hamata	Garden Dandelion	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Taraxacum Sect. Ruderalia	Garden Dandelion	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Taraxacum sp. 1	Dandelion	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Tecoma capensis	Cape Honeysuckle	Robust creeper/ climber			
Tetragonia microptera var. microptera	African Spinach	Succulent			
Thinopyrum junceiforme	Sea Wheat-grass	Perennial grass			
Thymelaea passerina	Thymelaea	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Tolpis barbata	Yellow Hawkweed	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Torilis arvensis	Spreading Hedge-parsley	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Torilis nodosa	Knotted Hedge-parsley	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Tortula pygmaea	Tiny Tortula	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Trachycarpus fortunei	Chusan Palm	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Trachystemon orientalis	Eastern Borage	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Tradescantia fluminensis	Wandering Jew	Mat Perennials			
Tragopogon porrifolius	Salsify	Geophyte			
Tragus australianus	Small Burr-grass	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Trianoptiles solitaria	Subterranean Cape-sedge	Small; Control impracticable			
Tribolium acutiflorum s.l.	Desmazeria	Perennial grass	1		
Tribolium acutiflorum s.s.	Crested Desmazeria	Perennial grass	1		
Tribolium obliterum	Desmazeria	Perennial grass	1		
Tribolium spp.	Desmazeria	Perennial grass	1		
Tribolium uniolae	Secund Desmazeria	Perennial grass	1		
Tribulus terrestris	Caltrop		2, NOX	5	
Trifolium angustifolium var. angustifolium	Narrow-leaf Clover	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Trifolium arvense var. arvense	Hare’s-foot Clover	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Trifolium campestre var. campestre	Hop Clover	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Trifolium cernuum	Drooping-flower Clover	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Trifolium dubium	Suckling Clover	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Trifolium fragiferum var. fragiferum	Strawberry Clover	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Trifolium glomeratum	Cluster Clover	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Trifolium hirtum	Hairy Clover	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Trifolium hybridum var. hybridum	Alsike Clover	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Trifolium incarnatum var. incarnatum	Crimson Clover	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Trifolium lappaceum var. lappaceum	Burdock Clover	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Trifolium michelianum var. michelianum	Annual White Clover	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Trifolium ornithopodioides	Birdsfoot Clover	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Trifolium pratense	Red Clover	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Trifolium repens	White Clover	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Trifolium repens var. repens	White Clover	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Trifolium resupinatum	Shaftal Clover	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Trifolium resupinatum var. majus	Shaftal Clover	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Trifolium resupinatum var. resupinatum	Shaftal Clover	Herbs in Disturbed Ground	1		
Trifolium scabrum	Rough Clover	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Trifolium spp.	Clover		1		
Trifolium squamosum	Sea Clover	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Trifolium stellatum var. stellatum	Star Clover	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Trifolium striatum	Knotted Clover	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Trifolium subterraneum	Subterranean Clover	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Trifolium suffocatum	Suffocated Clover	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Trifolium tomentosum var. tomentosum	Woolly Clover	Herbs in Native Vegetation	1		
Trifolium vesiculosum var. vesiculosum	Arrowleaf Clover	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Triglochin multifructa	Northern Water-ribbons	Riparian / Paludal			
Triphysaria pusilla	Small Owl-clover	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Triticum aestivum	Wheat	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Tritonia crocata	Orange Tritonia	Geophyte			
Tritonia lineata	Lined Tritonia	Geophyte			
Tritonia squalida	Pink Tritonia	Geophyte			
Tropaeolum majus	Nasturtium	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Typha domingensis	Cumbungi	Riparian / Paludal	2		
Typha latifolia	Great Reedmace	Riparian / Paludal			
Ulex europaeus	Furze / Gorse	Woody legume seeder			
Ulmus aff. procera	Common Elm	Suckering Woodys			
Ulmus procera	English Elm	Suckering Woodys			
Ulmus spp.	Elm	Suckering Woodys			
Ulmus X hollandica	Dutch Elm	Suckering Woodys			
Urochloa panicoides	Liverseed Grass	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		
Urospermum picroides	False Hawkbit	Thistle	1		
Urtica dioica	Giant Nettle	Thistle	1		
Urtica urens	Small Nettle	Thistle	1		
Utricularia gibba	Floating Bladderwort	Aquatic			
Vaccaria hispanica	Cow Soapwort	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Valerianella eriocarpa	Italian Corn-salad	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Valerianella locusta	Corn Salad	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Vellereophyton dealbatum	White Cudweed	Small; Control impracticable	2		
Verbascum blattaria	Moth Mullein	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Verbascum creticum	Cretan Mullein	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Verbascum spp.	Mullein				
Verbascum thapsus	Great Mullein	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Verbascum virgatum	Twiggy Mullein	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Verbena bonariensis	Purple-top Verbena	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Verbena officinalis s.l.	Common Verbena	Herbs in Native Vegetation	2		
Verbena officinalis s.s.	Common Verbena	Herbs in Native Vegetation			
Verbena rigida	Veined Verbena	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Verbena rigida var. rigida	Veined Verbena	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Verbena supina	Trailing Verbena	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Verbesina encelioides subsp. encelioides	Crownbeard	Herbs in Disturbed Ground			
Veronica anagallis-aquatica	Blue Water-speedwell	Riparian / Paludal			
Veronica arvensis	Wall Speedwell	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Veronica catenata	Pink Water-speedwell	Riparian / Paludal			
Veronica hederifolia	Ivy-leaf Speedwell	Small; Control impracticable			
Veronica officinalis	Heath Speedwell	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Veronica peregrina	Wandering Speedwell	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Veronica persica	Persian Speedwell	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Veronica scutellata	Marsh Speedwell	Riparian / Paludal			
Viburnum spp.	Viburnum	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Viburnum tinus	Laurestinus	Resprout Hard-fruit Woodys			
Vicia disperma	French Tiny Vetch	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Vicia hirsuta	Tiny Vetch	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Vicia monantha	Spurred Vetch	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Vicia monantha subsp. monantha	One-flower Vetch	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Vicia monantha subsp. triflora	Three-flower Vetch	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Vicia sativa	Common Vetch	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Vicia sativa subsp. cordata	Common Vetch	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Vicia sativa subsp. nigra	Narrow-leaf Vetch	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Vicia sativa subsp. sativa	Common Vetch	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Vicia spp.	Vetch	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Vicia tetrasperma	Slender Vetch	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Vicia villosa subsp. eriocarpa	Hairy Vetch	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Vicia villosa subsp. villosa	Hairy Vetch	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Vinca major	Blue Periwinkle	Mat Perennials			
Vinca minor	Lesser Periwinkle	Mat Perennials			
Vinca spp.	Periwinkle	Mat Perennials			
Viola arvensis	Field Pansy	Small; Control impracticable			
Viola odorata	Common Violet	Small; Control impracticable			
Viola reniformis	Banks’ Violet	Small; Control impracticable			
Viola riviniana	Common Dog-violet	Small; Control impracticable			
Vitis spp.	Grape	Herbs in Cultivated Ground			
Vulpia bromoides	Squirrel-tail Fescue	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Vulpia ciliata	Fringed Fescue	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Vulpia fasciculata	Dune Fescue	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Vulpia muralis	Wall Fescue	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Vulpia myuros	Rat’s-tail Fescue	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Vulpia myuros f. megalura	Fox-tail Fescue	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Vulpia myuros f. myuros	Rat’s-tail Fescue	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Vulpia spp.	Fescue	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Washingtonia filifera	California Fan-palm	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Washingtonia robusta	Mexican Fan-palm	Soft-fruit Woodys			
Watsonia aletroides	Watsonia	Geophyte			
Watsonia borbonica	Rosy Watsonia	Geophyte			
Watsonia marginata	Bordered Watsonia	Geophyte			
Watsonia meriana	Bugle Lily/Wild Watsonia	Geophyte			
Watsonia meriana var. bulbillifera	Wild/Bulbil Watsonia	Geophyte			
Watsonia meriana var. meriana	Merian’s Bugle-lily	Geophyte			
Watsonia pyramidata	Rosy Watsonia	Geophyte			
Watsonia spp.	Watsonia	Geophyte			
Watsonia versfeldii	Watsonia	Geophyte			
X Agropogon littoralis	Perennial Beard-grass	Perennial grass	1		
X Agropogon spp.	Perennial Beard-grass	Perennial grass	1		
Xanthium occidentale	Californian/Noogoora Burr	Thistle			
Xanthium orientale	Californian Burr	Thistle			
Xanthium spinosum	Bathurst Burr	Thistle			
Xanthium spp.	Cockleburr	Thistle			
Xanthium strumarium spp. agg.	Noogoora Burr species aggregate	Thistle			
Zaleya galericulata subsp. australis	Hogweed	Small; Control impracticable			
Zaluzianskya divaricata	Spreading Night-phlox	Small; Control impracticable	1		
Zantedeschia aethiopica	White Arum Lily	Fleshy lily			
Zea mays	Maize	Herbs in Cultivated Ground	1		

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